• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.17
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• pp.247-292
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• 2008

Investigations have been started to set the modern history and national spirit to rights after Commissions were established. Those Commissions are established and operated with time limit to finish its own missions. They creates three kinds of records as acquired materials which acquired or are donated for investigation; investigation records as investigation reports; and administrative records that created while supporting organization's operation. The Commissions use more past records to do special tasks asnation's slate clean and uncovering the truth than other agencies. In other words, the commissions take the most advantages of well-managed records, however, their record management environment and operation systems are relatively loose than other permanent machineries. It has three reasons that; first, there is no record management regulations and criteria for machineries that have time limit. This affected each commissions 'systems and 6 Truth Commissions' record management systems are built separately and on the different level; Second, members lack responsibility from frequent sending, reinstatement, change, and restructuring and that makes troubles to produce and manage records; Third, central archives pay less attention to machineries that operated limited period as the truth commissions. The Commissions rather need more systematic control because its records have historical value. To solve these problems, record management regulations have to be prepared first with features of organizations running limited time and commissions' records as acquired materials or investigation records. Furthermore, building up standard record management system for the Commissions, standardizing transfer data, imposing professional record personnel, and setting limits frequent personnel changes would finish practical problems. Besides, those records created to reveal the truth should use for education and research because Truth Commissions are established to set unfortunate history right and not to repeat it again. The records would serve as steppingstone for establishment of the Truth Record Center that does education, information work, publication, and research with the records. The record center would help using the records efficiently and improving knowledge for its people. And, the center should devote people to recognize importance of the records.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.63-71
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• 2022

In this study, the interfacial reaction and drop impact reliability of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder and electroless nickel autocatalytic gold (ENAG) were studied. In addition, the solder joint properties with the ENAG surface finish was compared with electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG). The IMC thickness of SAC/ENAG and SAC/ENEPIG were 1.15 and 1.12 ㎛, respectively, which were similar each other. The IMC thickness of the SAC/ENIG was 2.99 ㎛, which was about two times higher than that of SAC/ENAG. Moreover, it was found that the IMC thickness of the solder joint was affected by the metal turnover (MTO) condition of the electroless Ni(P) plating solution, and it was found that the IMC thickness increased when the MTO increased from 0 to 3. The shear strength of SAC/ENEPIG was the highest, followed by SAC/ENAG and SAC/ENIG. It was found that when the MTO increased, the shear strength was lowered. In terms of brittle fracture, SAC/ENEPIG was the lowest among the three joints, followed by SAC/ENAG and SAC/ENIG. Likewise, it was found that as MTO increased, brittle fracture increased. In the drop impact test, it was confirmed that the 0 MTO condition had a higher average number of failures than the 3 MTO condition, and the average number of failures was also higher in the order of SAC/ENEIG, SAC/ENAG, and SAC/ENIG. As a result of observing the fracture surface after the drop impact, it was found that the fracture was between the IMC and the Ni(P) layer.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.38
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• pp.349-383
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• 2019

This discussion is focused on Donghaeanbyulsingut's 'gutchum-pan to pray'. 'Gutchum-pan to pray' is repeated in almost all of the geori in Byulsingut, so it is a crucial chum-pan that can never be disregarded in understanding Byulsingutchum. Meanwhile, it supposes that Donghaeanbyulsingut is grounded on the activity of producing 'praying (words) and dance (motions)' within its relationship with the structure of capitalistic society along with the context of traditional rituals. The motion that is newly generated as a response to the concrete expression of 'praying' conducted by a mudang (a shaman), that is, the expression coming from the inside associated with the praying is seen as gutchum. This dance is bound to be in competition and interest among shaman groups, and they tend to influence one another. If praying leads to dance, a mudang can gain profits from capital as well as the value of labor. When the mudang succeeds in forming a bigger bond of sympathy with her praying, the object of praying gets more eager to select byulbi and dances a heoteunchum (impromptu dance) more vigorously. This means that a mudang's ability to perform a ritual is associated with the object of praying's consumption. With his impromptu motions, the object of praying comes to go into 'the field of consumption' within the structure of capitalistic competition before he is aware of it. Behind the communication that praying leads to dance, a lot of things are associated with one another organically. 'Gutchum-pan to pray' is generated by the continuous movement of diversity and unity that the time has within the ritual of the mudang and the object of praying. It continues to create the future 'self' that is different from the present 'self', and it means that he expects variability from the present 'self' through 'gutchum-pan to pray'. The mudang also prays for him arranging the variability of the other (the object of praying) inside her labor. In a big picture, of course, the mudang expects the variability of herself, too, which is connected to the value of her labor. The variability that they expect forms a crucial axis that determines where the flow of time and space that the 'gutchum-pan to pray' has is directed to. The contents of praying are directly related with the villagers' lives, and what leads to dance is mostly related with their jobs. This implies that what the mudang experiences in her everyday consuming activity is directly associated with the villagers' activity for earning money. In other words, the contents of that praying change constantly according to the flow of capitalistic economy. Also, those striving to respond to it before anyone else also expect better life for them by substituting their self to the 'gutchum-pan to pray' eagerly. If so, who are the ones that generate 'gutchum-pan to pray'? This can be understood through relationship among mudangs, relationship between the mudang and villagers, and also relationship among villagers. Their relationships can never be free from the concepts like labor in capitalistic society, consumption and expenditure, or time; therefore, they come to compete with the other, the present self, or the better self within the diverse relationships. This gets to be expressed in any ways, words or motions. And the range that covers the creation of either group or individual 'gutchum-pan to pray' in the village is the village community. Outside the range, it is upsized to the competition of the village unit, so individual praying may become diminished more easily. Although mudangs pray in each geori, it does not mean all praying leads to dance. Within various relationships between mudangs and villagers, 'gutchum-pan to pray' comes to be generated, repeated, and extinct. As it is mitigated to more positive competition, it does not lead to gutchum any longer. In other words, repeating 'gutchum-pan to pray' previously created has turned the object of praying into the state different from the former. Also, the two groups both have experienced the last step of Byulsingut, and at that point, praying does no longer lead to dance. In other words, from the position of the shaman group, it is the finish of their labor time and ritual performance, and from the perspective of the villagers, it means the finish of consuming activity and participation in a ritual. The characteristics of 'gutchum-pan to pray' can be summarized as follows. First, it goes through the following process: competition in the village group → competition in the group → competition among individuals. Second, repeated praying does not lead to 'gutchum'. Third, in the cases of praying for each of the occupation groups, the mudang can induce a bond of sympathy from the objects of praying directly, and this lead to dance. Fourth, the group that fails in being included in the category of praying gets to be alienated from 'gutchum-pan to pray' repeatedly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2009

This study analyzed core issues addressed in the tentative agreement of WTO ministerial meetings held to finish WTO/DDA negotiations in Geneva in July 2008. The objectives of this study are to analyze changes in tariff reduction on timber products, and their influence on demand and supply of the items according to the modality of Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) and to provide basic information for strategy formulation of our country for further WTO/DDA negotiations. The results indicate that there will not be significant changes in the tariff on sawnwood and on veneer sheets, however, the tariff on plywood need to be cut by around 50% from the applicable tariff rates of 2008 on condition that our country is in the position of developed countries. Therefore, the item of plywood is expected to be influenced greatly according to the change in tariff reduction. From the analysis of influence of tariff reduction on the demand and supply of timber products including sawnwood and wood based panels, such as plywood, particleboard, and fiberboard, the import quantities of the items are expected to be changed from 0.8% to 13.3% if our country is in the position of developed countries, however, they are expected to decline by 0.8%~44.3%, if our country is in the position of developing countries (22, coefficient for developing members).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.297-316
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is searching for hemodialysis nursing bahaviors by hemodialysis room nurses and analyzing them. Then, it estimates hemodialysis nursing costs and obtains basic data for development of proper nursing costs. First, it searched for hemodialysis nursing behaviors at a tertiary hospital hemodialysis room in Seoul and classified them. After the content validity was verified by 6 experts, Tool of hemodialysis nursing behaviors was developed. patients who recived hemodialysis were classified by dialysis patient classification tool. The searcher observed hemodialysis nursing behaviors applied to classified patients per 5 minutes. Then hemodialysis nursing hours spent to classified patients were calculated respectively. The direct expenditures and indirect expenditures were estimated. Ultimately, hemodialysis nursing costs were estimated. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. hemodialysis nursing behaviors were grouped by the same knowledge and skills. then, the content validity of them was verified by evaluation tool of nursing intervention classification by expert groups. They consisted of 9 hemodialysis activity domains and 71 hemodialysis nursing behaviors. The predialysis activity domain included 15 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of start-dialysis included 12 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of during- dialysis included 9 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of finish-dialysis included 5 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of after-dialysis included 5 nursing behaviors, the nursing documentation & undertaking and transfering included 5 nursing behaviors, the supply, drug, equipment & environment management activity domain included 7 nursing behaviors, the patient emotional support & education activity domain included 4 nursing behaviors, the emergency activity domain included 9 nursing behaviors. 2. The acute hemodialysis nursing hours were 106.42 minutes per a dialysis and the chroni hemodialysis nursing hours were 72.23 minutes per a dialysis. 3. The direct expenditure was 11.971 won per hour and indirect expenditure was 288won. 4. Finally, the cost of acute hemodialysis was 21,745 won and that of chronic hemodialysis was 14,759 won. By search of hemodialysis nursing behaviors, they will be used as hemodialysis nursing care standard and will be tended toward high qualitative care. Estimation of hemodialysis nursing costs will be used as fundamental data for development of proper nursing costs.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.25-30
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• 2015

SAC-coated Cu specimens were fabricated by novel pad finish process using a phenomenon that metal nanoparticles less than 20 nm in diameter melted at a temperature lower than the melting point of bulk metal, and their wettabilities were evaluated. The thickness of SAC305 layer coated at low temperature of $160^{\circ}C$ using SAC305 ink was extremely thin as the level of several nanometers. It was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy that $Cu_6Sn_5$ intermetallic layer with a thickness of 10~100 nm and $Cu_3Sn$ intermetallic layer with a thickness of 50~150 nm were sequentially formed under the SAC305 coating layer. The thickness of formed intermetallic layers was thicker in electroplated Cu than rolled Cu, which attributed to improved surface roughness in the electroplated Cu. The improved surface roughness induces the contact, melting, and reaction of a larger number of SAC305 nanoparticles per the unit area of Cu specimen. In the wetting angle test using SAC305 solder balls, the Cu coated with SAC305 through the low temperature process presented evidently low wetting angles than those in non-coated Cu, indicating that only a few nanometer-thick SAC305 coating layer on Cu could also cause the enhancement of wettability.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in records for each section of the wheelchair marathon and to provide information necessary for training and basic data for developing training methods. The subjects of this study were analyzed for the records of a total of 5 foreign male athletes and 4 domestic top athletes who completed the 42.195km full course among the participants at the 2016 Seoul International Wheelchair Marathon. Every 5km section records and finish records were used, and the first section to the ninth section were set. As for the data processing method, descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) were used using the statistical program SPSS 25.0. The following conclusions were drawn according to the above research methods and procedures. In the case of the winning W1 athletes, the record at 30km to 35km was the fastest 8 minutes and 43 seconds in the entire section, and the difference was 1 minute and 4 seconds compared to the K1 athletes of the nation's No. 1 athletes. In order to be ranked higher in international competitions, training to adapt to a quick pace at a later stage is required. That is, it was found that the second half face should be faster based on the half distance. In addition, in each section of the first half, it is necessary to develop a race pace suitable for the average speed level for each individual section. Therefore, it is considered that the fitness training program that can maintain the early race and the training program that can cope with changes in pace after the second half should be applied.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.284-294
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• 2020

As a solution to local and social problems, the active use of smart city living labs is becoming increasingly important. The answer to solving local and social problems lies in the citizen and the field. The purpose of this study is to establish a smart city living lab model based on citizen participation. In this study, smart city living lab model(4P-SCLLM) based on citizen participation was established through domestic and overseas living lab methodology and case analysis. In order to evaluate the systemicity and specificity of the 4P-SCLLM, a smart city living lab model, we recently compared it with the living lab process in Busan where smart city living lab is applied. As a result of analyzing, the analysis shows similar trends in each stage, and Busan's private sector showed a similar process to 4P-SCLLM On the other hand, public and private sector cooperation and support systems were found to be less than the 4P-SCLLM model And In technology and methodology, the 4P-SCLLM model is analyzed to have a living lab process that incorporates new technologies. In order to maintain the 4P-SCLLM continuously, first, participants and stakeholders need to participate actively and communicate while collaborating on the whole process from start to finish. Second, public awareness needs to be improved. Third, continuous citizenship verification of services is needed. Fourth, citizens' constant participation is needed. Through these implications, this study proposed 4P-SCLLM as a smart city living lab model suitable for the domestic situation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.193-202
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• 2015

The Korean Housing Lease Act is special law of Civil Code and was enacted from March 5, 1981 as Law No. 3379 to guarantee the stability of residential life. And until January 6, 2015 there were 15 times revisions to protect the right of homeless people. However, it is true that many problems are exposed from enforcement. Because the processing without sufficient review of legislation. and it was enacted very quickly, so, at the part of opposing power that the Article 3 Paragraph 1 "if the housing tenant was delivered rental housing and finish the resident registration, from the day after even if the owner of the house was changed as third party tenant can resist with lease right". In addition, this provision made housing problems of the socially disadvantaged more seriously and the country did not made any way to protect this problems so many issues have been raised and a lot of disputes relating to Housing Lease. Therefore, in this paper derives a problem about opposing power of the Housing Lease Act for tenants of residential stability, and through the foreign legislation case, it propose the improvement to contribute to the residential stability realistically.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2001

Digital Video (DV) coding standards for digital video cassette recorder are based mainly on DCT and variable length coding. DV has low hardware complexity but high compressed bit rate of about 26 Mb/s. Thus, it is necessary to encode video with low complex video coding at the studios and then transcode compressed video into MPEG-2 for video-on-demand system. Because these coding methods exploit DCT, transcoding in the DCT domain can reduce computational complexity by excluding duplicated procedures. In transcoding DV into MPEC-2 intra coding, multiplying matrix by transformed data is used for 4:1:1-to-4:2:2 chroma format conversion and the conversion from 2-4-8 to 8-8 DCT mode, and therefore enables parallel processing. Variance of sub block for MPEG-2 rate control is computed completely in the DCT domain. These are verified through experiments. We estimate motion hierarchically using DCT coefficients for transcoding into MPEG-2 inter coding. First, we estimate motion of a macro block (MB) only with 4 DC values of 4 sub blocks and then estimate motion with 16-point MB using IDCT of 2$\times$2 low frequencies in each sub block, and finish estimation at a sub pixel as the fifth step. ME with overlapped search range shows better PSNR performance than ME without overlapping.