• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2023

Recently, the concentration of fine dust causative substances (NOx, VOC, etc.) in the atmosphere has increased, resulting in high concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) and increased damage to crops. This study aimed to analyze the impact of high concentrations of ozone gas on the initial growth of rice plants and investigate the relationship between ozone damage resistance and anthocyanin biosynthesis. To achieve this, rice plants were exposed to elevated levels of ozone g as using an ozone chamber, and subsequent measurements were taken to assess changes in growth, the percentage of damaged leaves, and the anthocyanin content. The results revealed that varieties with a higher proportion of damaged leaves exhibited a relative increase in anthocyanin biosynthesis following ozone exposure. Notably, detrimental effects on growth, such as decreased biomass, were mitigated. Additionally, Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in rice were listed by selecting homologous genes from Arabidopsis and Maize. The expression of OsF3H2, OsFLS1 and OsLDOX3 was induced during ozone treatment. This result is expected to contribute to the study of the protection mechanism of plants from ozone damage.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Big tech companies are further strengthening its status against the background of data accumulation, price competitiveness by the platform, and competitive advantage due to the network effect. The competition subcommittee of the European Union(EU) imposed a huge fine on Google for antitrust violations, which was interpreted as an attempt to collect Google's unpaid taxes. In fact, taxation efforts in the form of 'Google tax' are underway, targeting expedient tax avoidance by global platforms. It has power and has a considerable influence on the startup ecosystem. The domestic sales and tax scale of global platforms, which have a great impact on domestic content startups and small and medium-sized venture companies, are not accurately measured. In the case of Google, according to research literature, sales in Korea were estimated at about 2 trillion to 3 trillion won in 2017, but Google Korea reported sales of 290 billion won in 2021 and paid 13 billion won in taxes. This study aims to verify the economic effect of the global platform that has a great influence on Korea, and specifically to quantitatively estimate the annual domestic sales and taxes of Google, a representative global platform. As a result of estimating Google's annual domestic sales and taxes based on the figures presented in the document related to Google's economic effect published by Google, the result was 4 to 9 trillion won in annual sales and 390.6 to 913.1 billion won in taxes. This study is meaningful in that it provides basic data on the direction of national and tax policies in the future digital economy era by estimating the problem of tax authority by country of global platform companies with a specific example of Google.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.357-363
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• 2024

As AR display virtual technology enters public learning life extensively, the way in which reality and virtual connection are connected is also changing. The purpose of this paper is to study the expression between the 3D connection sensory information visualization experience and virtual reality enhancement through the visual direction sensory information visualization experience of the plane. It is analyzed by examining the basic setting method compared to the current application of AR display and flat visualization cases. The scope of this paper is to enable users to have a better experience through the relationship with sensory visualization, centering on eye tracking technology in the four categories of AR display connection design: gesture connection, eye tracking, voice connection, and sensor. Focusing on eye tracking technology through AR display interaction and current application and comparative analysis of flat visualization cases, the geometric consistency of visual figures, light and color consistency, combination of multi-sensory interaction methods, rational content display, and smart push presented sensory visualization in virtual reality more realistically and conveniently, providing a simple and convenient sensory visualization experience to the audience.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2009

Muan Bay has extensively undertaken artificial influences through a series of construction of dams and dykes nearby resulting in a substantial increase in highest high water level. To unravel sedimentary responses to the water level rise, we collected a number of surface sediment samples and hydrodynamic data from in-situ observations of tidal currents in Muan Bay in 1998 and 2007. Comparison of the data between 1998 and 2007 shows that the relative content of coarse fractions, sand and gravel, in the sediment samples has increased with a decreased mean size, on average, from 6.2 to 5.8${\phi}$ at the expense of silt contents. Such a coarsening trend, which is more evident around high water level, particularly on the tidal flats of Dongam-ri, Guro-ri and Aphae-do, is most likely attributable to rising water level. On the other hand, an increase of fine fractions locally in the western entrance of the bay can be explained with changes in characteristics of tidal currents imposed by construction of bridges therein, such as decreased velocities and varied direction and phase of the tidal currents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1974

On a newly reclamed acidic Song-jong soil (soil of a member of fine loamy, mesic family of Hapludults) an experiment was carried out to find out the proper measure of the improvement of soil fertility with soybean as test crop. Results are summarized as follow: 1. Application of compost (1 ton/10a), lime (lime requirement)and fused phosphate (equivalent to 5% of the phosphate fixation coefficient)resulted in the increase of soybean yield by 93.3% over the check plot (N: 6kg/10a, $P_2O_5$: 9kg/10a, $K_2O$: 6kg/10a). The application of fused phosphate at the level of 5% of phosphate fixation coefficient N (6kg/10a) and K(6kg/10a) brought the yield increase by 62.7% over the check plot. However, although the pH of the soil was adjusted to 7.0 by liming, the application of lime with moderate dose of phosphate ($P_2O_5$: 9kg/10a) did not increase the yield of soybean significantly. And the application of fused phosphate at the level of 5% of phosphate fixation coefficient increased the available soil P from 14 ppm to around 100 ppm as tested after harvest. 2. Application of compost (1 ton/10a) increased the organic matter content of soil by 0.8% when tested after harvest. While, the application of rice straw (0.5 ton/10a) did not alter the soil organic matter content. The CEC of the soil tested after havest found incereased significantly by the addition of lime and compost. 3. Plant analysis revealed that the $K_2O/Ca+Mg$ is better correlated with the yield than the absolute concentration of $K_2O$ in plant tissue. Between the concentration of $P_2O_5$ in plant tissue and the yield of soybean, a typical C-curve relationship was observed, indicating that in this particular soil, phosphate was the primary growth liming factor.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.318-324
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• 2016

In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was used. $^{15}N$ fertilizer [$(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to $600cm^2$ in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. $^{15}N$ was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % $^{15}N$ excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % $^{15}N$ than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on $^{15}N$ dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the $^{15}N$ dilution method.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop a drying method of Gangjung. a traditional Korean snack, thus to reduce the drying time and to improve the quality of Gangjung. Two drying methods, hot air drying and far infrared ray drying were used by changing conditions such as air velocity(0.4, 1.2, 1.6 m/s), temperature(40, 50, 60$\^{C}$), and aging. Optimal moisture content of dried Gangjung pellet was 17% which was proper for frying. Cracks appeared on the surface of Gangjung pellet at lower levels of moisture content. Far infrared ray drying saved drying time about 20%. Both hot air drying and far infrared ray drying at 0.4 m/s of air velocity tended to show better quality of Gangjung than those dried at higher air velocities. The expansion volume and texture of Gangjung drying at 40$\^{C}$ was better than other temperature conditions, regardless of drying methods. Quality of Gangjung, dried at single stage without aging, was superior to those dried at double stage including aging process. Moreover, single stage drying save the drying time at least 24 hr. Gangjung dried at high temperature became hard and less brittle in sensory evaluation. In image analysis, air cell distribution in inner structure of Gangjung became uniform and fine as drying temperature decreased to 40$\^{C}$. Overall, Gangjung made of Gangjung pellet by the use of far infrared ray drying at 40$\^{C}$ without aging, showed the best quality in terms of physical and sensory properties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 1993

An experiment was conducted in 1990~1991 to study the effects of various soil amelioration on the soil productivity and machine workability at tidal land paddy field of Kyewhado Substation, Homam Crop Experiment Station. The soil, Munpo Series(fine sandy loam, Typic Fluvaquents) was treated with gipsum, rice straw, rice straw compost and foreign soil(at 20cm depth) after deep ploughing. The results are surmerized as follows. 1. Sand and clay were slightly increased, while silt was slightly decreased in the rice straw and compost plots. The soil texture was changed from loam to sand loam by the addition of foreign soil 2. Soil bulk density and porosity was decreased in the rice straw, compost and foreign soil addition plots. 3. Cone penetration resistance was $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 10cm of soil depth before experiment and $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 20cm of soil depth after experiment except control, and the root zone was expended down to 20cm. 4. Soil salt content before experiment was 0.46 and 0.48% for surface soil(10cm) and subsoil(20cm), respectively ; The salt content of ameliorated plot was 0.26~0.32% and 0.16~0.31%, respectively, indicating good leaching of soil salt by the soil improvements. 5. The yields of rice in different treatments were in the order of the foreign soil addition > compost > gypsum > rice straw > control.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 1994

The structural characteristics of Antheraea yamamai and Antheraea pernyi silk were investigated by using x-ray diffraction method, IR spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy. The amino acid composition, fiber density, thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature were also measured for relating these physical properties to the structure in comparison with those of Bombyx mori silk fiber. There was no significant structural difference between A. yamamai and A. pernyi silk fiber on an examination of x-ray diffraction curve and IR spectrum. Both of these wild silk fibers showed double diffraction peaks at the Bragg angle 2Θ16.7˚ and 20.5˚by x-ray diffraction analysis as well as IR absorption peaks for the bending vibration of specific groups related to ala-ala amino acid sequence. On the other hand, the x-ray diffraction curve and IR spectrum of Bombyx mori silk fiber are different from those of wild silk fibers, indicating different crystal structure as well as amino acid sequences. It showed under the polarizing microscope examination that the birefringence and optical orientation factor of wild silk fibers are much lower than those of B. mori silk. Also, the surface of degummed wild silk fibers was characterized by the longitudinal stripes of microfibrils in the direction of fiber axies. The amino acid composition, which is strongly related to the fine structure and properties, was not significantly different between these two wild silk fibers. However, the alanine content was somewhat less and polar amino acid content more for A. yamamai. As a result of fiber density measurement, the specific gravities of B. mori, A. pernyi and A. yamamai were 1.355~1.356, 1.308~1.311, 1.265~1.301g/㎤ in the order, respectively. The calculated crystallinity(%) was 64% for B. mori and 51~52% for wild silk fibers, which showed same trend by IR method in spite of somewhat higher value. The thermal decomposition behaviour was examined by DSC and TGA, showing that the degradation temperature was in the order of B mori, A. prernyi and A. yamamai at around 350$^{\circ}C$. It was also observed by TGA that the decomposition seems to proceed step by step according to their specific regions in the fiber structure, resulting the difference in their thermal stabilities. The glass transition temperature was turned out to be 220$^{\circ}C$ for B. mori, 240$^{\circ}C$ A. yamamai and 255$^{\circ}C$ A. pernyi by the dynamic mechanical analysis. It is expected that the chemical properties are affected by the dynamic mechanical behavior in accordance with their structural characters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

Soils originated from limestone, located at the southern part of Kangwon province and Jecheon, Danyang of Chungbuk province are mainly composed of fine texture, and have different properties from soils originated from granite and granite gneiss, especially for water movement. This study was conducted for classification of hydrologic soil group (HSG) of soils originated from limestone by measuring the infiltration rate of surface soils and percolation rate of sub soils. Soils used for the experiment were 6 soils in total : Gwarim, Mosan, Jangseong, Maji, Anmi and Pyongan series. Infiltration and percolation rate were measured by a disc tension infiltrometer and a Guelph permeameter, respectively. Particle size distribution and organic matter content of the soils were analyzed. HSG, which was made by USDA NRCS(National Resources Conservation Service) for hydrology, of Gwarim series with O horizon of accumulated organic matter was classified as type A which show the properties of low runoff potential, rapid infiltration and percolation rate. HSG of Mosan series, which has high gravel content and very rapid permeability, was classified as type B/D because of the impermaeble base rock layer under 50cm from surface. HSG of Jangseong series with shallow soil depth was classified as type C/D owing to the impermaeble base rock layer under 50cm from surface. HSG of Maji series was type B, and HSG of Anmi series used as paddy land was type D because of slow infiltration and percolation rate caused by the disturbance of surface soil by puddling. HSG of Pyeongan series having a sudden change of layer in soil texture was type D because of the slow percolation rate caused a the layer.