• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.84-91
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• 2015

Project Financing (PF) is a financing method, executed based upon the projected profitability from a project itself instead of relying on the credit rating of project sponsors or any type of collateral. However, most financial institutions of Korea lacks the long term profitability assessment capability, and they prefer to acquire credit reinforcement from the construction companies in the form of the guarantor or debt argument commitments. As a result, PF contingent liabilities as an indirect debt, are burdened to the construction companies. Even though the PF contingent liabilities are not supposed to be part of the financial statements, they became a mandatory disclosure items since 2009. In this study, PF contingent liabilities were studied to indicate how they were correlated with construction firms' financial ratios. Construction firms were grouped by their credit rating and each group was compared in order to analyze PF contingent liabilities' impact on the financial condition of the company in terms of liquidity, liability, and stability.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2006

In this paper, we readdress a layout design problem, PTL[3], for determining an optimal 3-class-based dedicated linear storage layout in a class of unit load storage systems. Based on some fundamental properties derived, we provide a converging exact algorithm with O(n[logn]), which is more efficient than that of Yang and Kim [8] and can be applied to PTL[K] with $K{\ge}4$ in order to reduce computational execution time. In addition, we prove that the necessary condition suggested by them is also a sufficient condition to PTL[3].

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

For the quality of life and independent living of the disabled, government has provided financial supports for housing renovation and improvement projects for the disabled. However, there is a limited budget which should be properly distributed for a number of disabled families. Therefore, it is important to decide which parts should be improved for housing renovation for the disabled. Financial and administrative supports for the renovation should improve housing conditions in terms of accessibility (barrier free) and should bring the better comfort for the disabled. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of the housing renovation projects, to investigate whether the renovation influence occupants' satisfaction, and to examine which factor such as renovation cost and renovation elements would influence the degree of satisfaction for residents with disabilities. Participants of this study are limited to the recipients of financial supports for housing renovation and refurbishment from City of Seoul and Ministry of Health and Welfare. A total of 153 cases were analyzed using post occupancy survey and the project cost data for the participants' housing were collected. Overall, more cost were used for modification for housing condition than for removal of architectural barriers. Housing type and physical condition of the housing affects cost for renovation more significantly. Overall the improvement cost is positively related to resident's satisfaction using regression analysis. In addition, it is important to meet the residents specific needs for repair, refurbishment, and renovation of housing.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 1995

This study is to compare family support and mental health between the rural and the urban elderly. In order to do that I collected the data through questioning 238 people in 3 urban areas in Busan and 201 people in 9 rural areas near Daegu. The degree of their family support is 36.70 on the average in the rural area and 40.77 in the urban area. The degree of family support of urban elderly is a little higher. According to general characters between the differences of family support in both areas, in the rural area there are differences in sex, age, whether they have a spouse or not, education level, financial state, number of children, number of co living, status of co living, subjective health status, amount of pocket money and how much they are participating in leisure activity. In the urban area there are differences in sex, whether they have a spouse or not, religion, financial state, number of co living, status of co living, subjective health status, amount of pocket money, how much they are participating in leisure activity and house pattern. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis the main variables that affect degree of family support in the rural area are age, whether they have a spouse or not and financial state which account for 33% of the total variance and in the urban area are subjective health status, financial state, whether they have a spouse or not and number of co-living which account for 35%. Health status is better in the urban area(average 36.87) than in the rural area(57.42). In each item the people whose mark was more than 75%(low) have Depression 8.4%, Somatization 8.0% in the urban area and Somatization 8.5%, Depression 8.5%, Anxiety 4.0%, Phobic anxiety 4.0%, Obsessive compulsive reaction 2.5%, Hostility 2.0%, Paranoid ideation 2.0%, Psychoticism 1.5% and Interpersonal sensitivity 1.5% in the rural area. In the mental health condition, on the basis of 4 points in both areas, the average is Somatization(rural : 1.69, urban : 1.51), Depression (rural : 1.64, urban : 1.37) and Obsessive compulsive reaction(rural : 1.33, urban : 0.99). According to the differences between mental health conditions by general characters, in the rural area the differences are presented in sex, age, whether they have a spouse or not, religion, education level, financial state, number of children, status of co living, subjective health status, amount of pocket money and how much they are participating in leisure activity, in the urban area the differences are presented in sex, whether they have a spouse or not, religion, financial state, number of co living, status of co living, subjective health status, house pattern, amount of pocket money and how much they are participating in leisure activity. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis the main variables that affect mental health condition in the rural are family support degree subjective health status, religion sex, age and financial state which account for 43% of the total and in the urban area are family support degree, subjective health status and financial state which account for 51%. In the matter of family support degree and mental health condition the rural area was -0.4555, of urban area was -0.6446. The rural area that has a high percentage in family support degree and mental health condition Depression was -0.5036, Psychoticism was -0.4265 in the urban area Psychoticism was -0.6452, Depression was -0.5955. Family support has a great influence on mental health of old people and family support and mental health condition can be different according to living area. So in their problems nursing intervention through family and nursing strategies according to living area should be established.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-208
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• 2004

Production of goods and services always necessarily depends on the use of knowledge. The knowledge intensity of production , however, has increased manifold in the last two decades or so. This is clearly indicated by the rise in the share of knowledge intensive products, which are traded. The production and export of these advanced products are not confined to developed countries alone, but also among developing countries. But in the latter there is considerable concentration of it in a handful of countries primarily in the Asian region. Knowledge underlying production, whether industrial or non-industrial, embodies two types of knowledge: formal and non-formal. In this paper we are entirely concerned with the financing of the creation of formalized knowledge in the context of two similar Asian developing countries, namely Singapore and Malaysia. Three broad types of financial instruments are considered: research grants, tax incentives and venture capital. Both the countries are shown to be having very similar financial instruments for promoting innovation. The timing of these instruments is quite similar too. But one country has performed much better than the other. The main argument of the paper is that while financial instruments are a necessary input for innovation, the sufficient condition lies in the supply of a sufficient quantity of scientists and engineers.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 2020

The study aims to provide some evidence of the effects of CSR practices on financial-based brand equity in Malaysia. Nowadays, many companies have embraced corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices because CSR is a vital component of the current competitive and complex business arena. It contributes greatly to social, environmental, and economic condition. With CSR practices, companies are able to achieve many benefits and there is evidence that CSR practices predict higher brand equity. However, little evidence has been produced concerning the effects of CSR practices on financial aspects of brand equity in developing countries such as Malaysia. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effects of CSR practices on financial based brand equity among Malaysia Top 100 brand. A CSR checklist instrument was used in the current study to examine the extent of CSR practiced. The results indicated that PLCs that were actively involved in CSR practices such as environmental, community, workplace and marketplace, found that this involvement enhanced their brand equity. The findings provide useful support and evidence for the management of PLCs in Malaysia, as well as companies in other developing countries, to engage more in CSR practices as a core element of their strategic and brand management.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examines some successful and failed cases of Korean private universities' profitable business and explores the desirable economic value and direction of their profitable business business operations with a view to shedding light on some clues conducive to their financial health and quality education. Research design, data and methodology: This study reviews news articles, reports and literature to find out Korean universities' financial condition and examines some successful and failed examples of their corporations' profit-making business operations to suggest a direction. Results: Private universities suffer declining enrollments and/or tuition freeze but they lack in making efforts to secure financial health. The reviewed examples of private universities' profit-making business operations suggest both universities and their corporations should first assume the public accountability prior to engaging in diverse business activities. Conclusions: First, to remain financially healthy, university corporations should exert themselves to transform their low-profit-margin lands and buildings into high-profit-margin businesses and to credit the realized income to their school-expense accounts. And, the ultimate purpose of universities' profit-making business operations is to realize a decent income without prejudice to their public accountability for the country and community, while forging a virtuous cycle by investing the income for the betterment of their educational quality and competitiveness.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.469-477
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• 2021

In this paper, the relationship between the profitability level of an enterprise and the credit policy adopted by an enterprise was measured. A sample of industrial firms listed on the stock exchanges of Iraq, Jordan, and Kuwait was analyzed. Five industrial firms were randomly selected from each exchange with a condition of having at least 5 year-activity. The total sample size was 15 industrial firms. The study financial data was imported from the sample firms' websites. The financial data was for the financial year 2017. The Regression Analysis was adopted to measure the impact of trade credit on the profitability of an enterprise using the SPSS software. It was found that the receivable accounts have a proportional relationship with the turnover property rights rate. Similarly, the statistical results showed that the turnover property rights rate increased with an increase in the turnover receivable accounts rate and the percentage of investment in receivable accounts. The influence of trade credit on the enterprise profitability percentage in the Iraq stock exchange, Amman stock exchange, and Boursa Kuwait were 0.938, 0.200, and 0.089, respectively. The results showed that the three secondary assumptions were incorrect, while the zeroth assumption, i.e., trade credit has no influence on profitability, was correct.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.736-737
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• 2015

In these days, international construction market including construction companies has much grown due to globalization and economic boom in the mid 2000's. The size of international construction market, measured with overseas revenue of 225 construction firms, has expanded 2.7 times from 2003 to 2008 according to the ENR. However, after the global financial crisis of 2008 it has faced condition of low growth. In this research, major changes of international construction market and top contractors have been studied. In this study, changes of international construction market have been analyzed in the aspect of region and product including general buildings, transportation, petroleum, etc. Then, in order to find the changes of top contractors which obtained good accomplishment, business performance of companies have been examined by the compound annual growth rate, profit margin and international revenue by comparing the data before 2008 and after. The purpose of the study is to understand major changes of international construction market. Also, strategy changes of top contractors against market stagnation, profit depreciation, high competition have been inferred through the study. The result of the study would contribute to analyzing the strategies of construction companies in international market.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.79-86
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• 2024

This research is conducted in order to analyze the student's academic performance at the secondary school level in Sindh province of Pakistan. The study was focused on the students who have passed the Matriculation level recently. The sample of size equal to 1097 secondary level students was randomly selected in a way that from each college roughly up to 150 students took part in the survey. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male=448, Female=649) and Locale (Urban=456, Rural=641). A survey questionnaire was circulated for data collection. The statistical analysis based on Pearson's Chi-Square and Correlation models were carried out using the collected data. The conclusion was drawn from results that strongly revealed that the student's academic achievement at high school level was highly associated to their parent's educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking suitable measures. The affected students should be awarded adequate financial assistance or scholarships to face such hardships of their learning career. Free laptops, learning materials, books, and stationery should also be provided.