• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.421-431
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• 2021

This study investigates the empirical linkages between ASEAN countries' institutional quality and financial inclusion using country data from 2008-2019. In this paper, six governance indicators from the World Governance index are used to measure the impact of institutions on financial inclusion. The PCA method's financial inclusion index is constructed from 3 indicators: penetration, access, and usage: penetration, access, and usage with six indices respectively as the number of ATMs per 1000 km², the number of bank branches per 1000 km², the number of ATMs per 100,000 people and the number of bank branches for 100,000 adults, the ratio of credit to private to GDP, and the ratio of deposit to private to GDP. Regression analysis with the Generalized Moments method shows the positive impact of institutions and other control variables like GDP per capita, inflation, bank concentration, and human development index on financial inclusion. Therefore, this study recommends that the government and policymakers in countries pursue the financial inclusion agenda to pay attention to the financial and economic indicators and institutional factors. This is because many savers, borrowers, and investors may not be protected when financial contracts are enforced or breaches occur in an environment where economic, legal, judicial, and political institutions are weak, such as in ASEAN countries.

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.8-20
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• 2020

Nepal has huge potential of hydro and other renewable energy resources including solar energy. However, only 70% of the total population have access to electricity despite the long history of hydropower development in the country. Still more than 37% population in rural areas and around 73% population in Karnali Province, one of the least developed provinces, are living without access to electricity despite taking several initiatives and implementing various policies by government supporting electrification in off-grid rural areas. Government together with donors and private sector has extensively been promoting the off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) echnology in un-electrified areas to increase electricity access. So far, more than 900,000 households in rural areas of Nepal are getting electricity from stand-alone solar PV systems. However, there are many challenges including financial, technical, institutional, and governance barriers in Nepal. This study based on extensive review of literatures and author's own long working experiences in renewable energy sector in Nepal, shares the best practices and lessons of off-grid solar PV for increasing access to electricity in rural areas of Nepal. This study suggests that flexible financial instruments, financial innovations, bundling of PV systems for concentrating energy loads, adopting standards process, local capacity building, and combination of technology, financing and institutional aspects are a key for enhancing effectiveness of solar PV technology in rural areas of Nepal.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.1131-1139
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• 2016

In the Hive file format, the sk(Security Key) cell provides access control to registry key. An attacker can figure out secret information on registry or change the security set-up if she could apply modified hive files on system. This paper presents various methods to change access control of registry key by modifying or replacing cell on hive file. We also discuss threats by access control modification and signs of attacks analysis by modified hive files.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.17-22
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• 2015

As financial deregulation policies implemented by the government, electronic financial service is improved but security concerns are increasing and ultimately weaken trust in the financial service. Electronic financial service becomes more and more dependant on the IT platform and the initiatives of access device is also gradually shift to that platform. As biometric sensor is mounted on the smartphone, structural change in the access device is coming. It must be a positive signs in terms of fintech development, in the other side, it can cause many problems such as weakness of regulation and ambiguity of principals of responsibility. So in this paper, by analysing this problem-the shift of service initiative-on the access device I'll propose the best way to the the legal amendments.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.103-110
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• 2023

Financial inclusion is the safe and timely access of formal financial services to people at affordable costs. Various barriers of legacy financial system hinder the involvement of all segments of populations in the financial sector. The journey from financial exclusion to financial inclusion has to be achieved with the implementation of technological breakthroughs. Covid-19 has also raised the need for technology in all sectors of the economy. This research paper introduces the concept of intelligent financial inclusion which is the provision of financial services to people with the help of intelligent systems. This intelligent system will take the concepts from the human mind, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence tools and techniques. For achieving the optimal level of financial inclusion, economies must shift their financial sector from traditional means to intelligent financial systems. In this way, intelligent financial inclusion will achieve the target of involving all people in the financial sector.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.343-361
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• 2015

The financial industry in South Korea has witnessed a paradigm shift from selling traditional loan/deposit products to diversified consumption channels and financial products. Consequently, personification of financial services has accelerated and the value of finance-related personal information has risen rapidly. As seen in the 2014 card company information leakage incident, most of major finance-related information leakage incidents are caused by personnel with authorized access to certain data. Therefore, it is strongly required to confirm whether there are problems in the existing access control policy for personnel who can access a great deal of data, and to complement access control policy by considering risk factors of information security. In this paper, based on information of IT personnel with access to sensitive finance-related data such as job, position, sensitivity of accessible data and on a survey result, we will analyze influence factors for personnel risk measurement and apply data access control policy reflecting the analysis result to an actual case so as to introduce measures to minimize IT personnel risk in financial companies.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.15-23
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of non-bank depository institutions (non-bank financial corporations) lending to firms. The paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from firm-level data and unveiling factors related to access to non-bank financial corporations by firms. Research design, data, and methodology - We used the data on borrowing by firms from CRETOP from years 2008 to 2011. Using the manufacturing industry, we examined what firm-level characteristics explained the increase in borrowing from non-bank financial corporations rather than the banks. Results - Analyzing the firm-level data from 2008 to 2011, we found that firms were more likely to borrow from non-bank financial insti­tutions as the size of the firm increases, implying that large firms have more access to non-bank financing than small and medium-sized firms. In addition, it also showed that small and medium-sized firms moved to non-bank financial corporations for loans. Conclusion - Non-bank depository institutions are not a sub­stitute for bank lending to firms. More specifically, they replace bank lending to firms mostly for large firms rather than small and medium-sized firms. Also, collateral and other firm-level characteristics do not matter in accounting for non-bank lending to firms.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.79-89
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• 2021

Green finance plays an important role in environmental protection missions and fighting climate change. The Environment Fund in Vietnam is the main channel of preferential capital offered to firms for environmental protection. Unfortunately, it was previously unknown which criteria influenced these companies' ability to obtain green financing. Using a survey method, we collected data through a structured questionnaire of 203 respondents that represent firms that had received concessional loans from 26 Environment Funds. A Multiple Linear Regression model was used to examine the determinants of access to concessional loans for environmental protection. We found relationships between age, size, ownership type, and industry sector, and access to green finance. Third-party guarantees were a significant factor in financing through Environment Funds. Moreover, we found commercial environmental projects face fewer green financing obstacles. Surprisingly, showing audited financial statements does not mitigate the information asymmetry between firms and these financial institutions. These findings suggest that Environment Funds should classify environmental project types to develop appropriate lending policies. In emerging markets, enterprises need to build a trusted relationship with financial institutions so that they can replace asset-based lending techniques, thereby increasing the firms' accessibility to green finance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.73-85
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• 2020

As an effort to achieve sustainable development and increase people's welfare, financial inclusion has become the policy agenda of many countries. Therefore, the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability in several countries in Asia has become the goal and this is the subject of this study. Financial inclusion is measured by 3 dimensions, namely banking penetration, access to banking services, and use of banking services. Poverty ratio below the national poverty line and the Gini coefficient are used as indicators of poverty and income inequality. Financial stability is measured by Bank Z-Score and bank nonperforming loans. The results from the hypothesis test shows that all dimensions of financial stability simultaneously have significant influence on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability. On the other hand, the partial impact of financial inclusion dimension on economic growth, poverty alleviation, income inequality, and financial stability in ten countries of Asia has not been optimal. The derived results of this study is required to be interpreted and considered by the Governments of each country in developing strategies for increasing financial inclusion, so that the policy to achieve sustainable development and enhancement of people's welfare can be achieved.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.10 no.spc
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• pp.46-55
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• 2022

Eight years have passed since the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP3) was launched. SCOAP3 is one of the most successful global partnerships and funds for Open Access and has been benchmarked by other Open Access initiatives. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) joined as the first Asian partner in 2011, and has supported its shared vision and contributed its financial commitment since the beginning of SCOAP3. SCOAP3-Korea is the first bottom-up collaboration for local libraries to re-direct funds previously used for subscriptions to Open Access publishing. This paper explores the roles and responsibilities of KISTI in the Open Access quest. It describes the commitment to SCOAP3 in South Korea, including how the collaboration model for SCOAP3-Korea differs from the global model. This paper also discusses the impact of SCOAP3-Korea by analyzing publications affiliated by Korean authors in SCOAP3 journals for the last six years (2014-2019). We have integrated the national R&D project and research outcome data from NTIS (National Science and Technology Information Service) to investigate the research articles benefited by SCOAP3 and research publications in non-SCOAP3 journals. The positive impact of SCOAP3 in increasing research publication in the discipline was revealed compared to non-SCOAP3 journals. In addition, the financial benefit of SCOAP3-Korea has been proven. With regard to the investment for readers, $137,094 USD was saved during the SCOAP3 Phase 1 and 2, while $748,923 USD was saved with regard to publication fees. We discussed the lessons from SCOAP3-Korea for commitment to a larger-scale Open Access transition.