• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 1995

This study was conducted to collect and analyze previous information in order to manage efficience, improve experience effect and promote employment rate. The questionnaire interview with 27 chief of dental Laboratory refered clinical experience in technology department about clinical experience in 14 Jumior colleges were also investigated. The results were summarried as follows : The portion of age of 35-39 among chief of dental Laboratory was 40.7% which was the highest, that of male was 96.3%, that of junior college graduate was 97.5%, that of 10years experience was 92.6% and that of ceramic technician was 85.2%, 63.0% dental laboratory for clinical experience was a bore space of 30pyong. Aspect of dental laboratory management, manufacturing all part of prosthetic restoration was 29.6%, othodontic appliance and ceramic restoration was 7.4%, 3.8%, each. The percentage of 40.7 was having connection with 30-3a dental clinics and referring case per day was 10-19 cases(40.7%), manufacturing time of referred prosthetic restoration was 3-4 days(77.8%), places preparing seminar room for education was 29.6%, above a place of 40pyong was 11.1% 30-34 pyong and 35-39 pyong was 7.4% each. During training of 2 years education course student, 18.5% was rack of thorough occupational career. While 44.4% will want the more salary among 3years education course student, 74.1% will expect the more dental techmicians would engaged in their field, 51.9% will hope improve of their theory and practice, 29.6% be expected better skill and 14.8% be expected better theory. Attitude of clinical experience places was distributed by 59.3% of offering only experience chance, 25.9% of wasting time and 29.0% of annoying. The big emphasis of climical experience was thorough occupational career(44.4%). The clinical experience places of our college were selected after direct visiting, so their condition of management was not that bad but most of dental laboratory were poor in management state and working environment. Therefore it is difficult to choose appropriate places and dental Laboratory are also limited manpower and time as suppliers. So that it recommended to induce flexible management of experience period by interval and rotation of experience places among college and to applicate intern-system for employment ant industry-college cooperation aspect.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.375-384
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• 2011

Purpose: The advent of microsurgical technique and instruments, particularly in the field of perforator flap and supermicrosurgery, which have expanded the scope of microsurgery. However, supermicroanastomosis without any compression, tension, or distortions must be achieved to reach successful outcomes. Small-caliber vessels, such as those with an internal diameter less than 0.2 mm, are susceptible to inadvertent twisting of the anastomosis. In this study, using the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA)-based flap model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, we evaluated the acceptable limits of twisting effects on supermicroanastomotic sites. Methods: A total of 20 supermicroanastomoses were performed using the SIEA-based flap model in 10 male SD rats, 10-weeks-of-age, weighing 300~350 g. Rats were divided into five groups of two with four flaps as follows: 1) sham, 2) control group with end to end SIEA arterial supermicroanastomosis, 3) experimental I (EA1) with $90^{\circ}$ twisting, 4) experimental II (EA2) with $180^{\circ}$ twisting, and 5) experimental III (EA3) with $270^{\circ}$ twisting of the supermicroanastomosis. Each SIEA was anastomosed using six 11-0 $Ethilon^{(R)}$ (Ethicon Inc. Co., NJ, USA) stitches except in the sham group where the SIEA was only clamped with Supermicro vascular $clamps^{(R)}$ (S&T, Neuhausen, Switzerland) for 20 minutes. Results: The anastomosed arterial patency showed no remarkable changes according to doppler waveforms measured with a Smardop 45 Doppler System (Hadeco Inc., Kawasaki, Japan). The pulsatility index (PI) was increased at postoperative day 10 in the EA2 and EA3 groups, and the resistance index (RI) showed no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values at 10 days. Histologic specimens from the EA3 group showed increased tunica media necrosis, convolution of the internal elastic lamina, densely packed platelets, fibrin, and erythrocytes. Flap viability and anastomosed vessel patency were not significantly affected by the degree of arterial twisting in this study, other than in the EA3 group where minor effects on arterial patency of the microanastomoses were encountered. Conclusion: It appears that minor twisting on small caliber arteries, used in supermicroanastomoses, can be tolerated. However, twisting should be avoided as much as possible, and more than $180^{\circ}$ twisting must be prevented in clinical practice.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2015

Purpose : This study aimed to critically analyze published research papers in Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration and to investigate the research field and trends. Methods : Types of studies, research trends, levels of evidence, participants, funding sources and research areas were analyzed and described by using 97 selected studies published between 2003 and 2014. Results : Every 5 years, the most frequent type of study was experimental research. The numbers of experimental studies and review studies have been increasing. The most frequent level of evidence was one group non-randomized study, followed by case reports. The highest percentage of participants were children with disability and the most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorder, developmental delay and intellectual disabilities. Most of the participants was elementary school students and the most frequent sample size was below 10. The percentage of research grant from Korean Academy of Sensory Integration has been over 50% since 2008. The research areas focusing on the standardized assessments were mostly sensory modulation, interaction and development and the non-standardized assessments were behavior observation and clinical observation. Conclusion : Higher level of studies and comprehensive research methods will be needed. The standardized assessment tools with the high sensibility on sensory integration which developed in the domestic need to be developed. Thus, it will be able to contribute to the evidence based practice in occupational therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1015-1024
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• 2019

In the medical field, X-rays are essential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and the use of X-rays continues to increase with the development of imaging technology, but X-rays have the disadvantage of radiation exposure. Although lead protection tools are used in clinical practice to protect against radiation exposure, lead is classified as a heavy metal and can cause harmful reactions such as lead poisoning. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of the shield fabricated using materials of FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printer. In order to confirm the filament's line attenuation factor, phantoms were fabricated using PLA, XT-CF20, Wood, Glow and Brass, and CT scan was performed. And the shielding sheet of 100 × 100 × 2 mm size was modeled, the dose and shielding rate was measured by using a diagnostic X-ray generator and irradiation dose meter, and the shielding rate with lead protection tools. As a result of the experiment, the CT number of the brass was measured to be the highest, and the shielding sheet was manufactured by using the brass. As a result of confirming with the diagnostic X-ray generator, the shielding rate was increased in the shielding sheet having a thickness of 6 mm upon X-ray irradiation under the condition of 100 kV and 40 mAs. It measured by 90% or more, and confirmed that the shielding rate is higher than apron 0.25 mmPb. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the shield fabricated by 3D printing technology showed high shielding rate in the diagnostic X-ray region. there was.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1987

The object of this study was to determine the difference of radiation effect in different fractional doses and to establish optimal fractionation schedule on the whole-abdominal X-ray irradiation. Total 160 mice were irradiated with 150 KVP, 15 mA orthovoltage x-ray machine and two different fractionation (100 cGy/Fr. and 200 cGy/Fr.) were used. Body weight, hemoglobin and WBC count with differential count were analyzed according to the same amount of total dose, same field size and two different fractionation schedules. The result of this study were summarized as follows: There was no significant difference in body weight and hemoglobin concentration by sex or fractional dose. Leukopenic change was prominent in the 3,000 cGy irradiation group and the proportion of decrease was remarkable in the 200 cGy/Fr, group than 100 cGy/Fr, group. Progressive decrease of lymphocyte count and reciprocal increase of neutrophil count were noted as dose increment. The effect of the fractional does on WBC count and proportion of lymphocyte were significant. This suggests that judicious selection of fractional dose may be important in clinical radiotherapeutic practice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.333-345
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• 2000

The health care environment becomes more competitive every day. It has fallen to nurse managers - from vice presidents of patient care to nurse managers and their assistants - to recruit and develop a workforce that successfully meets the needs of both patients and the organization. This means employees who demonstrate advanced critical thinking skills, creative problem solving, and sound decision making skills combined with clinical skills and patient advocacy. The environment which nurse managers create and the way they relate to their workforce, are pivotal to organizational viability. Especially leadership of first -line nurse managers contributes to the success of their organizations. First-line nurse managers are deserved to be one of the most administrative supervisors through the middle stratum in a hospital organization as being a manager in the field service if assessed from the overall aspects of hospital, as being an interim managers in the nursing department as well as being a supreme supervisor in a unit in terms of an organizational structure in the hospital. Similarly, as a compete leader, the first-line nurse managers have not only a professional which is qualified to perform a role of appropriate coordination with medical staff and key personnel but also hold an important key position a being responsible for performing his or her given role. The first-line nurse manager is expected to manage human and fiscal resources in ways not required before. While an identified need for well-prepared first-line nurse manager continues to plague the profession, first-line nurse managers often have difficulty providing the leadership required. The need leadership training to function effectively in their positions. But we hardly find a useful leadership training program for first-line nurse managers, therefore the purpose of this study was to developed the leadership training program for them. The steps of leadership program development were below: 1st step, 2 studies were done before develop a leadership program. One was done to ask to first-line nurse managers what they want to learn through leadership training, the other one was to ask the staff nurses what their opinions are for their first-line nurse managers leadership. 2nd step was searching other leadership programs contents. The results of this study were below: The total amount of hours is 24. Leadership training program contents are : Future of nursing profession (210min), understanding basic factor's of leadership and leadership theories(310 min), self understanding as first- line nurse managers(320 min), basic principle and practice of interpersonal relationship(210 min), assertiveness training, conflict management (180min), and group study(210min). This is challenging time to be a leader, especially in nursing. As nurse managers look toward the new millennium, it seems as through the same struggles are ahead that are behind. So nurse managers need to embrace change with a positive attitude. They need to demonstrate risk taking and support it in their staffs. All these things are possible that after they participate the leadership training program.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 1996

Nursing Intervention Classification(NIC) includes the 433 intervention lists to standardize the nursing language. Efforts to standardize and classify nursing care are important because they make explicit what has previously been implicit, assumed and unknown. NIC is a standardized language of both nurse-initiated and physician-initiated nursing treatments. Each of the 433 interventions has a label, definition and set of activities that a nurse does to carry it out. It defines the interventions performed by all nurses no matter what their setting or specialty. Principles of label, definition and activity construction were established so there is consistency across the classification. NIC was developed for following reasons; 1. Standandization of the nomen clature of nursing treatments. 2. Expansion of nursing knowledge about the links between diagnoses, treatments and outcomes. 3. Devlopment of nursing and health care information systems. 4. Teaching decision making to nursing students. 5. Determination of the costs of service provided by nurses. 6. Planning for resources needed in nursing practice settings. 7. Language to communicate the unigue function of nursing. 8. Articulation with the classification systems of other health care providers. The process of NIC development ; 1. Develop implement and evaluate an expert review process to evaluate feedback on specific interventions in NIC and to refine the interventions and classification as feedback indicates. 2. Define and validate indirect care interventions. 3. Refine, validate and publish the taxonomic grouping for the interventions. 4. Translate the classification into a coding system that can be used for computerization for articulation with other classifications and for reimbursement. 5. Construct an electronic version of NIC to help agencies in corporate the classifiaction into nursing information systems. 6. Implement and evaluate the use of the classification in a nursing information system in five different agencies. 7. Establish mechanisms to build nursing knowledge through the analysis of electronically retrievable clinical data. 8. Publish a second edition of the nursing interventions classification with taxonomic groupings and results of field testing. It is suggested that the following researches are needed to develp NIC in Korea. 1. To idenilfy the intervention lists in Korea. 2. Nursing resources to perform the nursing interventions. 3. Comparative study between Korea and U.S.A. on NIC. 4. Linkage among nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions and nursing outcomes. 5. Linkage between NIC and other health care information systems. 6. determine nursing costs on NIC.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.540-547
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• 2009

There needs disease-predictable signs in order to enable preventive diagnosis and therapy. Then traditional Chinese medicine applies various medical diagnostic equipments used in western medicine to diagnosing sub-healthy state. But such data are not originated from inherent oriental medicine, and not obtained easily in ordinary clinical practice. This paper is to provide synopsis of the ante-disease diagno-therapeutics partly and to show predictable data based on the facial shapes and signs, especially of gall bladder's versus bladder's body and masculine versus feminine shape. Ante-disease means not only the complete healthy state, but also the state unseen any symptoms in macrographically in the course of outbreak of disease. It contains two stages, first one is the former state of disease and second one is untransmitted state of disease. The patterns of ante-disease consist of latent disease, pre-disease, transmission type like senescent syndrome, abnormal reactive syndrome(變證), syndrome of transmission and transmutation. The classification with gall bladder and bladder type manifests the differences of shape, color and size of each organ in comparison of the universal and standard figures of the human being. On the other hand, the classification with masculine and feminine shape contrasts the innate sexual difference and the shape, characteristics originated from in itself. These two classification theories have their own pathologic types and syndrome types with each disease so that disease-predictable data can be constructed based on such a relationship. In addition, this diagnostic method by facial shapes and signs is able to be applied to whole stages from prenatal to present state of disease even if the cause and inducement are not clear. Ante-disease diagno-theraputic system by Gall Bladder's versus Bladder's Body and Masculine versus Feminine Shape is getting more important in the chronic and internal disease in comparison of the acute and traumatic disease. So this study is able to make up for the limit of diagnosis on ante-disease in the field of oriental medicine clinic.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.271-283
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• 2001

The childbearing process is a sociocultural phenomenon of a woman who gives birth to a child as well as a biological phenomenon. The purpose of this ethnographic research study was to explore the experience of childbearing process of mothers with children from pregnancy to the 3 months postpartum in Korea and to understand deeply the perspectives of childbearing women reflected on Korean sociocultural values. A convenient sample of 10 childbearing women were observed from January to October 2000 through field work in Seoul, Korea. Data analysis was accomplished under ongoing process. The results of this study were as follows : The mothers with children experienced self-reflection, family relation, and physical adaptation during pregnancy. In self-reflection, all mothers experienced universality and diversity in their self-discovering process. The universal experiences were maturation, life with family and priority on maternal value between being a mother and a woman. The diverse experiences were taking a dual role of working mother, emotional drift of a resigned mother, and disheartened life of a mother who has two daughters. In family relation, the foundation of the new marital relationship were attained during childbearing process and sexual life were changed for the benefit of a healthy mother and a healthy baby. All mothers established friendly relations with their mothers, but established friendly or conflicting or constraining relations with their mother-in-laws due to husband based family culture. In physical adaptation, the informants endured well the physical discomfort and recognized general appearance change. Also maternal-fetal interaction occurred and mothers realistically felt motherhood and accepted themselves as mother-to-be. The mothers prepared for the best delivery, look for a safe childbirth center, newborn goods, endorsed family coping during hospitalization and responded labor pain to make it more endurable, less painful, fast passed owing to labor recognition of the natural process to be a mother. After childbirth, they felt emancipation, satisfaction, accomplishment, more easiness, actually feeling as mother-to-be, emptiness, and showed response to the sex of newborn. Their Sanhujori practice was different according to the Sanhujori environment including provider, place, time in postpartum and reflected on Sanhubyung. The mothers felt actually mother-to-be and happiness during lactation regardless of feeding pattern. These mothers had a different maternal image about rearing subjecthood through their child-rearing experience. But all mothers felt need for family support and social support. The universal rearing response were actual feeling of mother-to-be, a strenuous experience, a pride on child-rearing, confusion, reflecting marital relationship, and wondering rivalry among children. In conclusion, mother of all with children went through self-discovery, self-reflection and made connections with the family as a mother and as a woman simultaneously during the childbearing process. Therefore it is suggested when harmony and balance between a mother and a woman is accomplished, the woman will lead a healthy and high quality of life. Also, this study sought to confirm the sociocultural factors affecting the childbearing process from the perspectives of the women with children. Therefore health care providers must understand deeply the childbearing women with children based on this finding of and try a integrative approach with new ideology of maternity with biocultural perspectives in a clinical setting.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

Accurate knowledge of the distribution of contamination electrons ( which comes from mainly gantry head by Compton scattering, pair production, and tray: henceforth called leptons ) at the surface and in the first centimeters of tissue is essential for the clinical practice of radiation oncology. Such lepton tends to reduce or eliminate the ‘skin-sparing’ advantage of megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy, This information is needed to prescribe a absorbed dose to a skin volume at a few millimeter depth in high energy therapeutic radiation photon beam All experiments were done with 15 MV photon beam from a dual energy linear accelerator (Clinac 1800, Varian). Field size is defined by ranged from 10.0$\times$10.0 to 30.0$\times$30.0 $\textrm{cm}^2$. The absorbed dose and distribution of leptons in therapeutic radiation beam (15 MV) are investigated by means of variable blocked beams of 30.0$\times$30.0 $\textrm{cm}^2$ and dose beam profiles partly removed leptons with a copper plate. A numerous leptons mainly are distributed as shape of broad cone in the central photon beam and leptons path length in the water are shorter than 2.5 cm because of the leptons energy having around 3.0 MeV. These results clearly appears that the subtraction of leptons from the total depth dose curve not only lower the absolute dose in the buildup region and surface dose, it also causes a shift of d$_{max}$ to a deeper depth.