• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2012

Objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of barley grain with bread by-product (BB) on performance of Awassi ewes and their lambs. Forty Awassi ewes rearing single lambs were randomly allotted into four experimental diets containing various levels of BB. The experimental diets contained 0 (BB0), 10 (BB10), 15 (BB15), and 20% (BB20) of BB on dietary dry matter (DM). The study lasted for eight weeks, in which the first week was used as an adaptation period and seven weeks of data collection. Ewes and their lambs were penned individually where they were fed their lactating diets ad libitum. Ewes and lambs body weights were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. However, milk production and composition were evaluated biweekly. Feeding BB had no effect (p>0.05) on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) intakes. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was the lowest (p<0.05) for the BB20 and BB15 diets followed to BB10 diet (i.e., 640, 677, 772 g/d, respectively) while the highest NDF intake was for the BB0 diet (i.e., 825 g/d). Similarly, NDF intake decreased linearly (p<0.001) as the BB content increased. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake was highest (p<0.05) for the BB0 and BB10 diets (425 and 416 g/d, respectively) followed by the BB15 and BB20 diets (359 and 342 g/d, respectively). Moreover, a linear (p<0.001), quadratic (p = 0.04), and cubic (p = 0.04) effects were observed in ADF intake among diets. Nutrient digestibility was similar among different diets. Bread by-product had no effect (p>0.05) on ewes body weight change and on lamb performance (i.e., weaning body weight and average daily gain). Similarly, no differences (p>0.05) were observed either in milk production or composition by the BB substitution. Inclusion of BB reduced feed cost by 9, 14, and 18% for the BB10, BB15, and BB20 diets, respectively. No differences were observed in milk efficiency (DM intake: milk production; p>0.05) among diets. However, cost of milk production ($US/kg milk) was the lowest (p<0.05) in the diet containing BB20. Results of the present study indicate that feeding bread by-product up to 20% of the diet DM had no effect on performance of Awassi ewes and their lambs and reduced feed cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.537-544
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• 2013

This study examined whether pre-treating palm kernel expeller (PKE) with exogenous enzyme would degrade its fiber content; thus improving its metabolizable energy (ME), growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing PKE. Our results showed that enzyme treatment decreased (p<0.05) hemicellulose and cellulose contents of PKE by 26.26 and 32.62%, respectively; and improved true ME (TME) and its nitrogen corrected value ($TME_n$) by 38% and 33%, respectively, compared to the raw sample. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens fed on different dietary treatments in the grower period were not significantly different. Although there was no difference in feed intake (p>0.05) among treatment groups in the finisher period, ADG of chickens in the control (PKE-free diet) was higher (p<0.05) than in all treatment groups fed either 20 or 30% PKE, irrespective of with or without enzyme treatment. However, ADG of birds fed with 20% PKE was higher than those fed with 30% PKE. The FCR of chickens in the control was the lowest (2.20) but not significantly different from those fed 20% PKE diets while birds in the 30% PKE diets recorded higher (p>0.05) FCR. The intestinal villus height and crypt depth (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were not different (p>0.05) among treatments except for duodenal crypt depth. The villus height and crypt depth of birds in enzyme treated PKE diets were higher (p<0.05) than those in the raw PKE groups. Viscosity of the intestinal digesta was not different (p>0.05) among treatments. Results of this study suggest that exogenous enzyme is effective in hydrolyzing the fiber (hemicellulose and cellulose) component and improved the ME values of PKE, however, the above positive effects were not reflected in the growth performance in broiler chickens fed the enzyme treated PKE compared to those received raw PKE. The results suggest that PKE can be included up to 5% in the grower diet and 20% in the finisher diet without any significant negative effect on FCR in broiler chickens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.46-57
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• 2012

Consumers currently show cross-channel shopping behavior between the Internet and store-based retail types when searching information and purchasing sensory products such as fashion items to reduce risks. As consumers compare both types of stores before making a purchase decision, the Internet retail type and store-based retail type started conflicting/competing each other as the combined retail evolution theory proposed(Kim & Kincade, 2006). The purpose of this study is to examine consumers' cross-channel shopping behavior between the Internet and store-based retail types and their importance and satisfaction with information provided by the Internet retail stores. This study employs a quantitative research method using a survey. Demographics, types of stores used for purchase, satisfaction with the type of stores, Internet shopping behavior, importance and satisfaction with product information in the Internet retail stores were asked. MANOVA and descriptive statistics were used to test hypotheses. The result shows that a majority of participants(36.2%) shows cross-channel shopping behavior between the two retail types. Also, most participants(72.4%) decide on their purchase and are satisfied only after cross-channel shopping between the two retail types. Participants were grouped based on their information search and purchase behavior. Significant differences among the groups were found in importance and satisfaction with product information provided by the Internet stores. In measuring participants' satisfaction, a majority of participants(42.1%) showed satisfaction with their purchase at store-based retail stores after information search via the internet, followed by the satisfaction with the purchase at the internet retail stores after information search at store-based retail stores(30.3%). Fifty one point nine percent of participants search information via the internet(vs.48% at store-based retail stores), and they especially look for fiber contents and design details with pictures(37.4%). The satisfaction with price information provided by the Internet retail stores is the highest (m=3.70 out of 5.0) among fashion product information followed by design information(m=3.48). On the other hand, size information, refund/exchange and fiber content information received low satisfaction scores(m=2.81, 2.71, 2.57 in turn). This research suggests the Internet retail stores should provide more variety of information in detail using technology and improving customer services. This study could provide the Internet retail stores a guideline to establish a satisfactory information delivery system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1965-1974
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• 2020

Objective: This study consisted of two stages; the first was to determine the effect of extrusion and sieving treatments on the chemical properties of palm kernel cake (PKC), and accordingly, a follow-up experiment (second stage) was conducted to determine and compare the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and protein and amino acid digestibility of extruded and sieved PKC. Methods: Two physical treatments, namely extrusion (using temperature profiles of 90℃/100℃/100℃, 90℃/100℃/110℃, and 90℃/100℃/120℃) and sieving (to 8 particles sizes ranging from >8.00 to 0.15 mm) were carried out to determine their effects on chemical properties, primarily crude protein (CP) and fiber contents of PKC. Based on the results from the above study, PKC that extruded with temperature profile 90/100/110℃ and of sieved size between 1.5 to 0.15 mm (which made up of near 60% of total samples) were used to determine treatments effect on AME and CP and amino acid digestibility. The second stage experiment was conducted using 64 male Cobb 500 chickens randomly assigned to 16 cages (4 cages [or replicates] per treatment) to the following four dietary groups: i) basal (control) diet, ii) basal diet containing 20% untreated PKC, iii) basal diet containing 20% extruded PKC (EPKC), and iv) basal diet containing 20% sieved PKC (SPKC). Results: Extrusion and sieving had no effect on CP and ash contents of PKC, however, both treatments reduced (p<0.05) crude fiber by 21% and 19%, respectively. Overall, extrusion and sieving reduced content of most of the amino acids except for aspartate, glutamate, alanine and lysine which increased, while serine, cysteine and tryptophan remained unchanged. Extrusion resulted in 6% increase (p<0.05) in AME and enhanced CP digestibility (p<0.05) by 32%, as compared to the untreated PKC while sieving had no effect on AME but improved CP digestibility by 39% which was not significantly different from that by extrusion. Conclusion: Extrusion is more effective than sieving and serves as a practical method to enhance AME and digestibility of CP and several amino acids in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.957-965
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• 2005

The effect of ammoniation with urea and with soybean meal (SBM) as a source of urease on the nutritive value of wheat straw was evaluated in sheep. Twenty-four male Najdi lambs were used in a 3${\times}$2 factorial design, in which the animals were allocated to three straw treatments: 0% urea-treated (NT), 6% urea-treated (UT) and 2.2% urea-supplemented (US) straws. Each straw treatment was either supplemented or non-supplemented with 70 g SBM $kg^{-1}$ straw during the treatment time with urea, giving a total of six straw treatments. Each of these treatments was individually fed ad libitum to 4 lambs, together with 300 g of barley grain/head/day. Total N content of UT and US straws increased significantly (p<0.001) as compared to NT straw. The degree of urea hydrolysis, either with or without SBM addition, was nearly similar. Lambs fed either UT or US straw based diets had significantly (p<0.01) and numerically (p>0.05) higher straw DM intake (g $d^{-1}$ $kg^{-1}$ $BW^{0.75}$), compared to those fed NT straw based diet. Apparent DM or OM digestibilities increased significantly (p = 0.014) in lambs fed UT diet, and numerically (p>0.05) in lambs fed US diet as compared to those fed NT diet. Fiber (CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose) digestibility increased to a similar magnitude, averaging 20.2 (p<0.001) and 7.8% (p<0.07); this corresponds to 35 (p<0.001) and 51% (p<0.001) in N digestibility and approximately 78 (p<0.017) and 105% (p<0.002) in N retention, for UT and US diets, respectively, as compared to NT diet. However, the UT diet had higher (p<0.01) fiber digestibility over the US diet. Addition of SBM tended to improve (p = 0.09) straw DM and digestible OM intakes, while significantly increasing (p<0.001) total and digestible CP intakes across all diets. Lambs fed on US diet had higher ruminal ammonia N than those fed on UT (p<0.05) or NT (p<0.001) diets. However, ruminal pH and molar proportion of the volatile fatty acids did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment diets. This study suggests that US and UT treatments, particularly the latter, improved straw intake, digestibility and N utilization by lambs compared to NT treatment. On the other hand, addition of SBM as a source of urease had a negligible effect on urea hydrolysis.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2001

High molecular weight syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol)(HMW s-PVA) with number-average degree of polymerization of 10000 and syndiotactic diad content of 61.5%/iodine complex film was prepared. Its adsorption and desorption behaviors of iodine in hot water were investigated. In comparison with atactic PVA film or low molecular weight s-PVA film, the degree of solubility of s-PVA film and the iodine desorption of HMW s-PVA/iodine film in hot water were limited to an extremely lower level. As the soaking time increased, the iodine desorption in hot water was increased. This reason might be explained by the fact that as the soaking time increased, so the iodine adsorption increased not by the stable molecular complex between PVA and iodine but by the simple physical adsorption of iodine.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.532-541
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• 2019

Even though shotcrete is a main support for securing the stability of tunnel, the performance of shotcrete is not properly checked due to various difficulties arisen from the characteristics of materials themselves which constitute shotcrete, such as steel fibers and accelerators, and the on-site quality control. In this study, the actual conditions of shotcrete applied to expressway tunnel construction sites were tried to find out, and then some improvement was tried to derive. For this purpose, the characteristics of steel fibers and accelerators supplied to the expressway construction sites were investigated. Also, shotcrete specimens were prepared at the tunnel sites and performance tests were carried out. For steel fiber, domestic production states were investigated, and carbon content and tensile strength were measured using the steel fibers collected in the construction sites. For three types of accelerators such as aluminate, cement mineral and alkali-free, basic properties and total amount of alkali contents were analyzed. Shotcrete specimens were prepared using on-site shotcrete machine with regard to mix designs and types of accelerators. Using these specimens, uniaxial compression tests and flexural tests were performed. As the results, compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural toughness, and etc. were compared with types of acclerators and mix designs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2015

This experiment was carried out to breed a very early-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Korea from 2012 to 2014. New variety "Greenfarm3ho" is a diploid variety with a green leaf color, a semi-erect growth habit in late autumn/fall, and an erect growth habit in early spring. With a heading date of April 27, Greenfarm3ho was categorized as an early-maturing variety. Compared with the "Greenfarm" control variety, Greenfarm3ho's flag-leaf width was narrower by 0.5 mm, its flag-leaf length was longer by 4.4 cm, and its plant length was longer by 3 cm; additionally, Greenfarm3ho's stem thickness was 0.1 mm thicker and it showed winter hardiness. The dry matter (DM) yield (8,976 kg/ha) of Greenfarm3ho was similar to that of Greenfarm. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and crude protein (CP) of Greenfarm3ho were 70.0%, 64.1%, and 1.0%, respectively, which are higher than those of Greenfarm by 2.9%, 2.0%, and 1.4%, respectively. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of Greenfarm3ho were 31.4% and 53.3%, respectively, which are lower than those of Greenfarm by 2.5% and 3.0%, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, chemical compositions and nutritive yield of whole crop barley varieties harvested in a paddy field. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of five whole crop barley varieties (Yuyeon, Youngyang, Wooho, Dami, Soman). The planting date was on 21 October 2009 and the samples were harvested on 21 May 2010. Dry matter yield was higher in Youngyang and Dami than other varieties (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, ADF and TDN were not significantly different. Crude fiber was the highest at Dami (31.4%), and Youngyang (31.4%) exhibited the lowest crude fiber compared to other varieties (p<0.05). NDF was higher in the order of Wooho > Dami > Soman > Yuyeon > Youngyang (p<0.05). Total mineral content was higher in the order of Youngyang > Wooho > Dami > Soman > Yuyeon (p<0.05). The contents of both essential and non-essential amino acids were not different among whole crop barley varieties. Yields of crude protein was the highest in Wooho (p<0.05), and yields of mineral, amino acid, free sugar and TDN were the highest in Youngyang. Based on the results from this study, it can be suggested that Youngyang and Wooho showed to have higher productivity and high nutritive values compared to other varieties.