• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.10-16
• /
• 2007

In this study, we examined the preparation and hydrolysis property of immobilized urease membrane to decompose harmful urea in the body and remove ammonia which was produced by its decomposition. Urease immobilized membrane was prepared by introducing anion-exchange group DEA into porous hollow-fiber membrane by radiation graft polymerization method, and immobilization of urease. When urease was immobilized at membrane introduced with anion-exchange group, the more increasing grafting rate, the more increasing immobilization amount. The result originates from the fact that a greater amount of protein was immobilized by forming a multilayer on the longer grafted chain. Meanwhile, the addition of the cross-linker was possible not only to suppress separation phenomenon produced during a washing process of immobilized urease membrane but also to enable the recycling of membrane. Urease Immobilized membrane with no separation phenomenon was prepared by cross-linking reaction for 5 h, and the hydrolysis rate of prepared urease immobilized membrane was over 98% and 50%, respectively, in 1 mol and 4 mol urea solutions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.783-798
• /
• 2004

This experiment were conducted to determine the formation of fatty acid soaps, digestibility and ruminal characteristics when vegetable oils were added. Three Corriedale${\times}$ 3 Latin square design. Sheep were fed one of three diets consisting of alfalfa hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 1) no oil, 2) 7% soybean oil and 3) 7% corn oil. At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 9h after feeding. pH decreased up to the 3 hour after feeding and increased until the end of the collection(p<0.0001). Whereas the concentration of $NH_3$-N showed inverse changes to pH(p<0.0001). Type of oil did not affect the molar concentration of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate. Acetic/propionic acid (A/P) ratio decreased with increasing time(P<0.0001), but the ratio at the end of the experiment became similar to the initial value. No effects were found in the digestibility of dry matter, total-N, crude fiber, ash, NFE, NDF and ADF. The formation of fatty acid soaps(FAS) increased after feeding than 1 hour before feeding(P<0.05) and increased in 7% oils than no oil addition(P<0.05). Long chain fatty acids formed mainly FAS. ince the formation of FAS might decrease negative effects on ruminal haracteristics and total tract digestibility.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.642-651
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.14-32
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS: GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolism-regulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.262-271
• /
• 2023

The objective of this study is to compare and assess the effectiveness of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the selective agar plate method for the detection of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. In RTE foods, the detection performance of the three methods (RT-PCR [SureTect^TM kit and PowerChek^TM kit], LAMP [3M MDS], selective agar) were similar at 0-10, 10-50, 50-100, and 100- CFU/mL of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. We found that with RT-PCR, the Ct value of salad was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other RTE foods, indicating that fiber plays a critical role as an obstacle to the rapid detection of Salmonella spp. However, the Ct value displayed a mixed pattern according to the inoculation level of L. monocytogenes. The use of rapid detection kits and machines mostly depends on the user's choice, with accuracy, ease of use, and economy being the primary considerations. As an RT-PCR kit, SureTect^TM and PowerChek^TM showed high accuracy in detecting Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in RTE foods, showing that they can replace the existing RT-PCR kits available. Additionally, LAMP also showed excellent detection performance, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a food safety management tool.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.56 no.6
• /
• pp.602-614
• /
• 2023

Purpose: The balance between synthesis and degradation of proteins plays a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been closely associated with skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, cancer, and chemotherapy. Polygalacin D is a saponin derivative isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. This study aimed to investigate the effects of polygalacin D on myoblast differentiation and muscle atrophy in association with mitochondrial function in in vitro and in zebrafish models in vivo. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in differentiation media containing different concentrations of polygalacin D, followed by the immunostaining of the myotubes with myosin heavy chain (MHC). The mRNA expression of markers related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial function was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Wild type AB^* zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) with or without polygalacin D, and immunostained to detect slow and fast types of muscle fibers. The Tg(Xla.Eef1a1:mitoEGFP) zebrafish expressing mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein was used to monitor mitochondrial morphology. Results: The exposure of C2C12 myotubes to 0.1 ng/mL of polygalacin D increased the formation of MHC-positive multinucleated myotubes (≥ 8 nuclei) compared with the control. Polygalacin D significantly increased the expression of MHC isoforms (Myh1, Myh2, Myh4, and Myh7) involved in myoblast differentiation while it decreased the expression of atrophic markers including muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)2, and Smad3. In addition, polygalacin D promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (Pgc1α) expression and reduced the level of mitochondrial fission regulators such as dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1). In a zebrafish model of FOLFIRI-induced muscle atrophy, polygalacin D improved not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also slow and fast muscle fiber atrophy. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that polygalacin D promotes myogenesis and alleviates chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy by improving mitochondrial function. Thus, polygalacin D could be useful as nutrition support to prevent and ameliorate muscle wasting and weakness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.684-691
• /
• 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of resistant starch (RS) on the large bowel function and plasma lipids in rats with constipation induced by Loperamide. Animals were divided into six groups: normal control-5% cellulose, constipation-5% cellulose, constipation-5% pectin, constipation-5% RS-type 2 (RS2), constipation-8% RS2 and constipation-5% RS type 3 (RS3) groups, and fed experimental diets for five weeks. The results from RS groups were compared with those from other dietary fiber groups. The groups supplemented with RS3 or high level of RS2 showed significantly increased counts of bifidobacteria in the cecum than the other groups. The production of total short chain fatty acids in the cecal contents was significantly high in pectin, RS3 and high RS2 groups. The pH in the cecal contents of the RS supplemented groups was significantly decreased compared with the cellulose supplemented groups. The production of prostaglandin E2 in the colon mucus of the RS groups was higher than the normal group; however, it was significantly decreased compared to the cellulose or pectin supplemented constipated groups. The thickness of the mucus layer and the production of mucus from epithelial cells were significantly increased in RS3 group compared to the constipated cellulose group. Supplementation of resistant starch significantly elevated the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol and significantly lowered plasma atherogenic index compared with cellulose or pectin supplementation in constipated rats. The results of the present study demonstrated that resistant starch supplementation may help in improving the large bowel environment by stimulation of bifidobacterial proliferation, reduction of pH and inflammation factor and by increased production of mucus. It has also been found that an additional health benefit is improvement in lipid levels of serum.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.108-119
• /
• 2018

"The Collection of Yi Chungmugong" manuscript is a hand-written manuscript of the volume 1 consisting of the Collection, published in 1795 and it seems to have completed the contents of the book by correcting the first part of the book before print. The book adopted a form of Seonjangbon(線裝本) of Ochimanjeongbeop(五針眼訂法) and was urgently needed some measures to preserve because it has been much damaged by stains, loss and oxidation due to moisture on the bottom of it. In addition, a scientific investigation was applied to find out the features of the quality of paper and fiber used for the book, which would be reflected in the process of the preservation. The characteristics of paper were measurmented for size(cm), thickness(mm), weight(g), basis weight($g/m^2$), density($g/cm^3$), chain line and laid lines($3{\times}3cm$). The measurement showed that the characteristics of paper used in royal books published in the late Joseon Dynasty. For the paper-fiber of the book, C stain was used and the technique revealed that the book is made of bast fibre of paper mulberry and its binding strings are cotton. SEM-EDS analysis was performed to verify the existence of additives in paper. As a result of the analysis, The crystallized calcium was detected in addition to the main components carbon(C) and oxygen(O). This artifact is the unique final version of "The collection of Yi Chungmugong", which has considerable value in terms of academic research, besides it helps to understand how to print books of Joseon Dynasty. And it also has a very accurate information of when and where the book was made, which primarily could be resources to conserve and restore for other book heritage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.355-372
• /
• 2004

In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the formation of fatty acid soaps (FAS) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rate. The substrates were a basal alfalfa hay containing 1) no oil, 2) 10% soybean oil, 3) 10% com oil, on a weight basis. All the substrates were incubated in triplicate for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48h in each experiment. After the incubation in the first experiment serum bottles (6oml) were analyzed for nonesterified, esterifed and fatty acid soaps contents. The serum bottles (120mI) from the second experiment were analyzed for pH, $NH_3-N$ and VFA concentration, and dry matter and NDF disappearance rate. pH decreased and the concentration of NH3-N increased significantly with longer incubation time (P<0.0001). The disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF significantly varied with feed, incubation time and oils (P<0.05). The molar concentration of total VFA increased and proportion of acetate significantly decreased with incubation time (P<0.0001), but the proportion of propionate significantly increased with longer incubation time (P<0.0001). Addition of oils to diet lowered the ratio of acetate:propionate (P<0.05). The esterified fatty acids (EFA) decreased with increasing incubation time (P<0.0001), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased due to lipolysis of EFA, NEFA then reacted with cations to increase formation of FAS. The formation of FAS increased significantly at 48h of incubation time (P<0.0001). Especially, formation of stearic acid soaps was 27.5 and 32.5 folds with soybean oil and com oil supplements, respectively, by 48h of incubation time (P<0.0001). Alfalfa hay had higher cation contents, particularly Ca, which react with NEFA and FAS can be formed with longer incubation time. Saturated fatty acids had a higher proportion of FAS than did unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that the former may react more extensively with cations. FAS contents increased with increasing chain length of the fatty acids. Since added vegetable oils fonned FAS, it might decrease negative effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and NDF disappearance rate.