• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2008

This study assessed the incidence of embryo and fetal loss following early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography in dairy cows. A positive pregnancy was a recognition of the vesicle, embryo or fetus by ultrasonography. Seven hundreds and two pregnancies determined by ultrasonography following artificial insemination were divided into three groups according to the number of days diagnosed pregnant: early A group (27 to 40 days, n = 143), early B group (41 to 50 days, n = 172), or standard group (51 to 70 days, n = 387). Following a positive pregnancy diagnosis, embryo or fetal loss included all cows with observed abortions and cows found open after the positive pregnancy diagnosis. The incidence rate of embryo or fetal loss within 7 days after pregnancy diagnosis was 1.4, 0.6 and 0.3% for the early A, early B, and standard groups, respectively (P>0.05). The incidence of the embryo or fetal loss during 8 to 30 days after pregnancy diagnosis did not differ (P>0.05) among the early A (0%), early B (1.2%), and standard groups (1.0%). Furthermore, the cumulative incidence of the embryo or fetal loss before calving did not differ (P>0.05) among the early A (9.8%), early B (9.3%), and standard groups (5.9%). These results indicate that early pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography does not increase the risk of embryo and fetal loss compared with that of routine pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.179-180
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• 1998

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to detect fetal movements using M-mode ultrasonography. To do this work automatically, we find the crosscorrelation between the current data vector of the depth direction of M-mode image and the previous one. In the crosscorrelation estimator, the variations of time lag $\tau$ at maximum crosscorrelation value means fetal movements. A woman in the 37th week of pregnancy was monitored and the ultrasonic image of fetus was recorded over 20-minute period to detect fetal movements using B-mode and M-mode ultrasonography simultaneously. And the presented method was compared with maternal perception and B-mode ultrasonography observed by clinician. The maternal perception method detected only 57% of all fetal movements observed by clinician. The detection of the presented method corresponds to the clinician's detection result.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 1997

12-month-old Buldig and 3-year-old German Shepherd, treated with corticosteroids duringthe late pregnancy, were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chonnam National University, with chief complaints of vaginal discharge. Radiographic, ultrasonographic and surgical findings that obtained from each cases were as follows; case I: Radiographic findings were identified 2 fetuses that were normal skeleton, however, fetal viability could not be determined. Ultrasonographic findings were identified absence of fetal heartbeat and fetal movement, abnormal echogenicity of the abdominal visera, and echogenic materials remaining within the fetal fluid. After hysterotomy, macroscopic findings of uterus were liquefied materials remaining within the uterine lumen. Fetuses were excessively autolysis (falling off the hair, depression of the eye, and necrosis of the abdormal visera and skin). case II: Radiographic findings were identified irregular fetal structures and fetal movement, loss of recognizable fetal anatomy, dislocation of fetal veterbrae and echogenic materials remaining within the uterine lumen. After ovariohysterectomy, macroscopic finding of uterus and fetus were thickened uterine wall, yellowish-brown colored administration of corticosteroids during gestation should be contraindicated because fetal death is inducced. Ultrasonography has an advantage over radiography in that it permits evaluation of fetal viability.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.287-296
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• 1997

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed on 8 bitches (5 Maltese and 3 Yorkshire terrier) from day 15 until parturition to determine the size of gestational structures. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. When the size of fetal and extra-fetal structures according to gestational age was measured, there was a difference between Maltese and Yorkshire terrier in extra-fetal structures (P<0.001), and no difference in fetal structrures (P<0.001). The correlations between the gestational age and the growth in fetal and extra-fetal structures were examined by regression analysis. The extra-fetal structure which showed high correlation from day 20 to 35 was inner chorionic cavity diameter in two breeds. The fetal structures which showed high correlation from day 36 until parturition was fetal head diameter in two breeds. In conclusions inner chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age and prediction of whelping day from day 20 to 35, and fetal head diameter from day 36 to parturitions respectively. Ultrasonography is very useful tool to evaluate the gestational age and to predict the whelping day in pet dogs.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

With the development of fetal ultrasonography, detection of fetal ovarian cysts has been increased. Although ovarian cyst formation during the perinatal period is a self limiting process, there is still considerable controversy regarding the best treatment of the fetal ovarian cyst. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the natural history of fetal ovarian cysts and to analyze the result of treatment. From 1995 to 2004, 31 consecutive fetuses with ovarian cysts were followed by ultrasonography during the perinatal period. The fetal ovarian cyst was diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography between 25weeks and 38 weeks and the mean size of the cysts was 5cm (ranged from 2 to 8cm). At birth, 3 cysts disappeared. In 2 cases, the diagnoses were changed to multicystic kidney disease and intestinal duplication. During following up of 26 cysts, 15 cysts have resolved completely. Seven cysts required oophorectomy because of cyst torsion (n=3), differentiation of tumorous condition (n=2), increased size of cyst (n=1), and large size (8cm) of cyst at birth (n=l). Fetal ovarian cyst should primarily be observed, and only in the limited cases, surgical treatment would be required for the risk of complications such as torsion and differentiation from benign to malignant pathology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2012

Effect of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis have serious damage for the possibility has been reported very low. Long time ultrasound scan can rise the temperature in body tissues and affect the physical. Changes in body temperature have been studied with ultrasound scan time. Fetal ultrasonography were evaluated without the influence of time. The findings, ultrasound scan time in 40 minutes the temperature was reduced. 50 minute tissue temperature rose more than $1^{\circ}C$. If within 40 minutes of ultrasound to be safe guess

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.24.1-24.5
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• 2015

Ultrasonographic examination is widely used for screening of abnormal findings on prenatal screening. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate of the fetus can also be screened by using ultrasonography. Presence of abnormal findings of the fetal lip or palate can be detected by the imaging professionals. However, such findings may not be familiar to oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons can use ultrasonographic imaging of fetal cleft lip with or without cleft palate to provide information regarding treatment protocols and outcomes to the parent. Therefore, surgeons should also be able to identify the abnormal details from the images, in order to setup proper treatment planning after the birth of the fetus. We report two cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate that the official readings of prenatal ultrasonography were inconsistent with the actual facial structure identified after birth. Also, critical and practical points in fetal ultrasonographic diagnosis are to be discussed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.56-59
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• 2004

Ovarian cyst is found in 32% of necropsies in neonates, and can be visualized during gestation by ultrasonography. The clinical evolution of these Cysts is variable, but in most cases the prognosis is favorable. Ovarian torsion, bleeding, rupture, and peritonitis have been described as complications. We report a newborn girl with torsion of ovarian cyst. A cystic mass measuring $41.9{\times}31.9mm$ on left side of abdomen was identified at 32 weeks of gestation by fetal ultrasonography. Surgery was performed after birth.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 1999

Plasma progesterone (P$_4$) concentrations were measured for confirming the estrus observation and for the early pregnancy diagnosis in 130 cows of small farmers. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed from day 30 after artificial insemination to establish the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances of gestational structures in each pregnant stages. Of the 130 cows inseminated, 111 cows (85.4%) were an ovulatory estrus, 12 cows (9.2%) were an unovulatory estrus, and 7 cows (5.4%) were the error of estrus detection, respectively. The accuracy for early pregnancy diagnosis in 111 ovulatory estrus cows achieved when the discriminatory concentration at day 21 after artificial insemination was placed at 3.0 ng-/ml in plasma, was 86.7 % for positive diagnosis and 100% for negative diagnosis, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography were performed to evaluate gestational structures from day 30 after artificial insemination in 83 cows. Pregnant cows were 72 of 83 cows. The characteristic ultrasonography of gestational structures in each gestational stages was as follows. The embryo proper was observed within anechoic fetal fluid between 28 and 40 days after insemination, and amnion and embryonic heartbeat was also detected in this period. Between days 41 and 50, embryo proper was detected as an discriminated from head and body, and forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were also observed in this period. Between days 51 and 60, an embryo proper was clearly discriminated from head and body, and fetal movement, forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were observed in this period. Between days 61 and 70, fetus was completely developed, and fetal skeleton, organs and cotyledon were observed. After day 71, each organs of fetus were rapidly developed and a fetus was partially observed in screen because fetus was too big and larger, These results indicate that plasma P$_4$ determination at days 0,6 and 21 after artificial insemination can be utilized for confirming the estrus observation and for early pregnancy diagnosis. Also, ultrasonography was reliable method for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 30 after artificial insemination.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.268-275
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• 2023

Background: With the establishment of international guidelines and changes in insurance policies in Korea, the role of targeted ultrasonography has increased. This study aimed to identify the rates and clinical course of anomalies detected using prenatal targeted ultrasonography. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of all pregnancies with targeted ultrasonography performed in a single secondary medical center over 5 years. Results: Fetal anomalies were detected by targeted ultrasonography in 137 of the 8,147 cases (1.7%). The rates of anomalies were significantly higher in female fetuses (2.0% vs. 1.3%). In cases of female fetuses, the rate of anomalies was significantly higher in the advanced maternal age group (2.4% vs. 1.2%). In cases of male fetuses, the rate of anomalies was significantly higher in nulliparous (2.4% vs. 1.5%) and twin (5.7% vs. 1.9%) pregnancies. Pulmonary anomalies were significantly more common in the multiparity group (17.6% vs. 5.8%). Among the 137 cases, 17.5% terminated the pregnancy, 16.8% were diagnosed as normal after birth, and 42.3% were diagnosed with anomalies after birth or required follow-up. Conclusion: Through the first study on the rates and clinical course of anomalies detected by targeted ultrasonography at a single secondary center in Korea, we found that artificial abortions were performed at a high rate, even for relatively mild anomalies or anomalies with good prognosis. We suggest the necessity of a nationwide study to establish clinical guidelines based on actual incidences or prognoses.