• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effect of ferulic acid on cell viability and cell adhesion activity in normal human gingival fibroblasts. The cell viability and cell adhesion activity of ferulic acid was measured by MTT assay or XTT assay, respectively, after normal human gingival fibroblasts were treated with or without ferulic acid for 48 hours. The cell viability of ferolic acid on normal human gingival fibroblasts did not show any decreasement by MTT assay and also, cell adhesion activity did not decreased by XTT assay, respectively, compared with control after cells were treated with various concentrations of ferolic acid for 48 hours. MTT/sub 50/ and XTT/sub 50/ were 2,130.0 μM and 1,773.7 μM ferolic acid, respectively. These results suggest that ferolic acid is non-toxic to normal human gingival fibroblasts by showing no significant differences in the cell viability and the adhesion activity compared with control by colorimetric assay.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1986

Among the representative phenolic compounds in relation to lignin derivatives and protein synthesis inhibitors, the most effective inducer for the extracellular polyphenol oxidase (PO) of Lentinus edodes JA01 was gallic acid and ferulic acid for Pleurotus ostreatus. Optimum concentration of these inducers was 2.0 mM and 1.0 mM, respectively. Addition of gallic acid after two days culture had the best effect on production of PO enzyme of L. edodes JA01 and for P. ostreatus, and addition of ferulic acid after three days culture had the best effect. Also, in case of L. edodes JA01, polyphenol oxidase activity was parallel to growth curve, whereas the maximum enzyme activity of P. ostreatus was shown at exponential growth phase and declined thereafter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.568-574
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• 2007

Lignin degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. LG2 was able to degrade lignin substrate to a lot of APPL compound. APPL compound was detected in culture supernatants from Pseudomonas sp. LG2 grown with BSC(brewer's spent grain). FAE(ferulic acid esterase) and xylanase are induced from Pseudomonas sp. LG2 in the presence of carbon sources such as oat spelt xylan, HBSG I, II(hydrolyzed brewer's spent grain I, II) and AFBSG(autoclaved fraction from brewer's spent grain). However, xylanase and FAE are not induced by growth of Pseudomonas sp. LG2 on xylose and arabinose. Pseudomonas sp. LG2 is grown on medium containing oat spelt xylan, HBSG I, II and AFBSG and the induction of FAE and xylanase activities of extracellular proteins determined during 14 days. Maximum level of xylanase activity(5.3 U/mg) found at 6 days in culture contained oat spelt xylan as carbon source, whereas maximum level of FAE activity(15.4 mU/mg) was found at 8 days in culture contained AFBSG as carbon source. Most ferulic acid was released in culture supernatants when Pseudomonas sp. LG2 grown on oat spelt xylan, HBSG I, II and AFBSG. FAE of extracellular enzymes was also specific activity on methyl ferulic acid, methyl caffeic acid and methyl p-coumaric acid respectively, but not methyl sinapinic acid, methyl vanillic acid and methyl gallic acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.463-469
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• 2021

Bioactivities of curcumin, a major pigment of Curcuma longa L., have been widely investigated. In this study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of curcumin and its analogs including ferulic acid, dibenzoylmethane (DBM), and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), and their structure-activity relationships were assessed. Ferulic acid, THC, and curcumin showed strong scavenging activities against several radicals and exhibited considerable lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Curcumin showed the strongest cytotoxic activities against HeLa, HCT-116, IEC-6 and INT 407 cells, whereas ferulic acid did not show any cytotoxic effect up to 100 µM against these cell lines. Cytotoxicity of curcumin and THC was significantly enhanced by superoxide dismutase and diminished by N-acetylcysteine. The combination treatment of curcumin and ferulic acid enhanced the cytotoxicity, whereas the combination of curcumin and DBM offset their toxicity. These results suggest that methoxy phenolic and β-diketon moieties are crucial for the antioxidant- and cytototoxic activities of curcumin, respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of substituted groups in phenolic compounds to develop an anticancer agent having strong cytotoxicity against cancer cells but weak against normal cells. The phenolic compounds used in this study were gallic acid and ferulic acid with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, syringic acid with hydroxyl, carboxyl and methoxy groups, and pyre-gallol with hydroxyl groups. Cytotoxicities of these compounds were evaluated by MTT assay for cell viability and XTT assay for cell adhesion activity in normal human skin fibroblast (Detroit 551) and human skin melanoma (SK-MEL-3) cells. Syringic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid decreased the cell viability and cell adhesion activity in SK-MEL-3 cells but not in Detroit 551 cells while pyrogallol decreased in both cells. The susceptibility of cell viability based on the $IC_{50}$ values of MTT assay in Detroit 551 cells was in the following order: pyrogallol > gallic acid > ferulic acid > syringic acid, while it was in SK-MEL-3 cells: Syringic acid > progallol > ferulic acid > gallic acid. These results suggest that carboxyl and methoxy groups of these compounds play an important role in selectivity of cytotoxicity in normal and cancer cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5207-5211
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• 2012

The present study was designed to explore the anti-cell proliferative efficacy of ferulic acid by analysing the expression pattern of cell proliferative markers, proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1, in the buccal mucosa of golden Syrian hamsters treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Oral squamous cell carcinomas developed in the buccal pouch of hamsters using topical application of 0.5% DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. Immunohistochemical (PCNA) and RT-PCR (Cyclin D1) analysis revealed over expression of PCNA and cyclin D1 in the buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone (tumor bearing hamsters). Oral administration of ferulic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg bw to hamsters treated with DMBA not only completely prevented the tumor formation but also down regulated the expression of PCNA and cyclin D1. The results of the present study thus suggests that ferulic acid might have inhibited tumor formation in the buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA through its anti-cell proliferative potential as evidenced by decreased expression of PCNA and cyclin D1.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.821-832
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• 1997

The aim of this study was to separate or purify some bioactive compounds from flowers of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) and to test of the isolated compounds on alfalfa for their autotoxicity and on Echinochloa crus-galli for their allelopathy for seed germination and seedling weight. Using thin layer chromatography(TLC) of $CHCl_3$ extracts, the most inhibitory band to alfalfa seed germination was determined. Germination inhibition of this extract suggested a complex chemical interaction. Separation and purification of compounds with CHCl$_3$ extract of fresh alfalfa flowers were conducted by a silica gel TLC, and microcrystalline cellulose TLC(MCTLC), followed by droplet countercurrent chromatography(DCCC) bioassay. Preliminary identification was done by high perfomance liquid chromatography(HPLC) on the most inhibitory fractions in DCCC. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, narringin were identified in fraction 5 and ferulic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, coumarin in fraction 6. The phytotoxicity of their individual compound was tested on alfalfa and Echinochloa crus-galli seed germination and seedling weight. Coumarin and ferulic acid showed the most inhibitory effect on alfalfa seed germination and Echinochloa crus-galli seedling fresh and dry weight. These compounds may be, at least in part, involved in autotoxicity and allelopathy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 1986

The phenolic compounds contained in milled barley grains were seperated and identified by gas liquid chromatography and the effects of phenolic compounds extracted from milled barley grains and each authentic phenolic compound on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Severn phenolic acids, namely cinnamic, protocatechuic, ferulic, sinapid, vanillic, syringic, gallic acids, were identified in milled barley grains by gas liquid chromatography. The contents of sinapic, ferulic, cinnamic, protocatechuic acids were larger than those of vanillic and gallic acids. Phenolic compounds, extracted from milled barley grains and supplemented in culture broth, were inhibitory to the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at levels above 100ppm to 24 hours but not inhibitory at all levels after 48 hours. Cinnamic, ferulic, vanillic acids at all levels were inhibitory to the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, among them cinnamic acid was most inhibitory. Syringic acid was inhibitory to the growth of the yeast at the initial stage of culture. But sinapic and protocatechuic acids were slightly stimulatory to the growth of the yeast and gallic acid was ineffective to the growth of the yeast.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.506-511
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• 1996

Six phenolic acids were isolated from Jindalrae flowers (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.), an edible plant in Korea. These compounds were identified as chlorogenic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid on the basis of IR, UV, $^{1}H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR, FAB-MS, ES-MS and/or El-MS data. Chlorogenic acid (0.2 g) present in both ethyl acetate and ethyl ether fractions comprised up to 38.5% of the total phenolic acid amount (0.52 g) finally recovered by means of polyamide C-200 column chromatography, preparative TLC, recrystallization, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography The antioxidant activities were measured in an ethanol solution of linoleic acid in the presence of ferric thiocyanate. The antioxidant efficiency increased in the order of p-coumaric acid<${\alpha}-tocopherol$

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.237-248
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• 1998

The soil pH favored by Korean wild plants is 5.33~7.20, while naturalized invader species prefer soils of pH 3.95~6.48. The germination rate of Zoysia japonica was inhibited sharply, up to 60%, in extracts of naturalized plants of concentrations over 50%. Erigeron canadensis extract most strongly inhibited germination, while the Korean wild species, Cassia mimosoides var. nomame increased germination rates in concentrations of 30% and 50%. The seedling growth of Zoysia japonica in extracts of Korean wild species and naturalized species did not show differences, but was inhibited strongly, up to 60%, in the extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame concentration of over 15%. Analysis of the extract from Cassia mimosoides var. nomame identified procatechuic acid, $\rho$-hydroquinone, $\rho$-coumaric acid and ferulic acid at 254nm; and vanillic acid, hydroquinone, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were discovered at 284nm. The seed germination and seedling growth of Zoysia japonica were investigated under different concentrations of phenolic compounds. Ferulic acid and vanillic acid were associated with an increased germination rate, while $\rho$-coumaric acid appeared to inhibit seedling growth.