• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of dimethyl disulfide by a 2-week inhalation in F344 rats. The test article, dimethyl disulfide, was exposed by inhalation to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 33, 100, or 300 ppm/6 hrs/day for 2 weeks. At the end of treatment period, all males and females were sacrificed. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and gross findings were examined. The mean body weights of the male 300 ppm group and the female 33 ppm or higher dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, respectively. The mean food consumption at male 300 ppm and female 100 and 300 ppm were significantly decreased compared with the controls. Some treatment-related serum biochemical changes, including decreased alkaline phosphatase at male 300 ppm and female 100 and 300 ppm, reduced total bilirubin at male 300 ppm, and decreased alanine aminotransferase at female 300 ppm, were observed in a dose-dependent manner, but these findings were considered to be of no toxicological significance. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, hematology, and necropsy findings in any treatment group. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 2-week repeated dose of dimethyl disulfide by inhalation resulted in suppressed body weight gain and decreased food consumption at the dose of male 300 ppm and suppressed or reduced body weight gain and decreased food consumption at the dose of female 33 ppm or higher. In the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 100 ppm/6 hrs/day for male rats and below 33 ppm/6 hrs/day for female rats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1982

사료의 단백질과 에너지 수준이 흰쥐의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향을 알기 위해서 생후 3주된 Sprague-Dawley계 albino rat 암수 각각 100마리에서 표준사료를 5일동안 급여한 후 암쥐는 체중이 $70{\sim}80g$되는 것으로 93마리를 선택하였다(3마리는 개시기 도체분석에 사용하였으며, 90마리는 사양실험에 사용하였음). 실험사료의 에너지 수준은 ME를 저에너지(3200kcal/kg), 중에너지(3600kcal/kg), 고에너지(4000kcal/kg)로 달리했으며, 단백질 수준은 ME 3600kcal/kg에 대해서 저단백질(15%), 중단백질(25%), 고단백질(35%)의 3수준으로 하고, 지방수준은 ME 3600kcal/kg에 대해서 저지방(10%), 중지방(20%), 고지방(40%)의 3수준으로 정하고 나머지 에너지는 전분과 포도당으로 보충한 9종의 사료처리구에 대한 사양실험, 및 도체분석 실험을 실시했던 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 증체량은 암수 모두 저단백질 수준(13%)에서 가장 높았으며, 암쥐의 경우 증체량이 가장 큰 것은 LP-HE구(121g)였고, 숫쥐의 경우 LPME(210g)로서 사료의 에너지 수준에 따라서 암수의 최대증체량은 달랐다 이 결과에서 성장을 위해서 숫쥐는 NRC(1980) 사양 표준 에너지(3600kcal/kg)에 적합하나 암쥐는 더 많은 사료 에너지의 요구됨이 시사되었다. 8주간 성장 곡선을 보면 암수간에 상당한 차이를 보였으며 암쥐는 3주까지, 숫쥐는 5주까지 급격한 성장을 보였고, 그 이후부터는 완만한 성장율을 나타냈다. 또한 증체량에 대한 사료중 영양소 수준의 효과가 암쥐에서 보다 수쥐에서 더욱 예민하게 나타났다. 이 결과에서 사양실험에 적합한 실험동물은 암쥐보다 숫쥐가 더욱 효과적이라 생각되었다. 사료섭취량은 증체량 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 나타냈다. 사료효율은 암쥐의 경우 단백질과 에너지 수준이 NRC(1980) 사양표준치에서 가장 높은 사료효율을 나타냈다. 단백질 효율은 암수 모두 저단백질 수준에서 가장 높았으며 에너지 수준은 암쥐의 경우 고에너지 수준에서, 숫쥐의 경우 중에너지 수준에서 가장 높은 단백질 효율을 나타냈다. 사료의 단백질과 에너지 수준이 흰쥐의 성장에 미치는 영향을 보면 사료효율 및 단백질 효율은 증체량에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 증체량은 사료의 섭취량에 영향을 받기보다는 사료의 조성에 영향을 받는 것으로 생각되며 특히 에너지 수준에 따라 크게 영향을 받는다. (2) 체조성에 관하여 체수분과 체단백질은 암수 모두 사료 단백질 수준에 의해서 차이가 없었다. 체지방은 암쥐의 경우 사료 단백질과 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 뚜렷하게 증가했으나 숫쥐의 경우 단백질 및 에너지 수준에 의해서 큰 차이가 없었다. (3) 이상으로 본 실험결과를 종합하여 볼 때 암수의 성장곡선간에는 상당한 차이가 있었으며, 최대 증체량은 암쥐의 경우 단백질 수준 13%, 에너지 수준 3600kcal/kg으로 구성된 사료에서 얻어졌으며, 암수 각각 이 수준의 사료에서 또한 가장 높은 사료 효율 및 단백질 효율을 보였다. 이러한 사료의 조성은 암쥐의 경우 단백질 수준은 NRC 사양 표준치 이상에서 숫쥐의 경우 단백질과 에너지 수준이 모두 NRC 사양표준치에 일치했다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2009

The kidney toxicities of WK-38 used for improvement of the vascular diseases, was examined using male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The male and female rats were divided into 4 groups for intragastrical treatment with doses of 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, respectively. In all male and female rats treated with WK-38, no mortality and gross pathological findings were shown for 13 weeks. There was substantially no change in body weight in all rats with treatment of WK-38. Urine osmolality as renal functional parameters were not exchanged in all rats treated with WK-38. The renal functional parameters including electrolytes excretory rate, creatinine clearance, and solute-free water reabsorption were significantly augmented on account of increase in urinary volume in female rats treated with WK-38, but not male. In summary, this study demonstrates that WK-38 exhibits no toxicity on kidney in all male and female rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2007

An important related question is whether arginine has influence bone metabolism. The effect of arginine supplements on bone markers and related hormones were studied in young female Sprague-Dawley rats fed either an arginine supplemented diet or control diet. Twenty four rats (body weight 83${\pm}$5 g) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, consuming casein or casein with supplemented arginine diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. And bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, estrogen, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin were analyzed using radioimmunoassay kits. The weight gain and mean food intake were not affected regardless of diets. The rats fed arginine-supplemented diet had not significantly different in ALP, osteocalcin, crosslinks value, PTH, estradiol, and IGF-1 compared to those fed casein diet group. The arginine-supplemented group had significantly higher growth hormone and calcitonin than casein group. This study suggests that arginine is beneficial for bone formation in growing female rats. Therefore exposure to diet which rich in arginine early in life may have benefits for bone formation and osteoporosis prevention.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2014

Objectives: Condurango is widely used in various systems of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) against oesophageal and stomach ailments including certain types of cancer. However, until now no systematic study has been conducted to verify its efficacy and dose with proper experimental support. Therefore, we examined if ethanolic extract of Condurango could ameliorate benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced lung cancer in rats, in vivo to validate its use as traditional medicine. Methods: Fifteen male and 15 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 0.28 mg/kg of Sweet Bee Venom (SBV) (high-dosage group) and the same numbers of male and female SD rats were treated with 0.2 mL/kg of normal saline (control group) for 13 weeks. We selected five male and five female SD rats from the high-dosage group and the same numbers of male and female SD rats from the control group, and we observed these rats for four weeks. We conducted body-weight measurements, ophthalmic examinations, urinalyses and hematology, biochemistry, histology tests. Results: A histological study revealed gradual progress in lung tissue-repair activity in Condurango-fed cancer-bearing rats, showing gradual tissue recovery after three months of drug administration. Condurango has the capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may contribute to a reduction in anti-oxidative activity and to an induction of oxidative stress-mediated cancer cell-death. Condurango-activated pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, p53, cytochrome-c, apaf-1, ICAD and PARP) and down-regulated antiapoptotic-Bcl-2 expression were noted both at mRNA and protein levels. Studies on caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage by western blot analysis revealed that Condurango induced apoptosis through a caspase-3-dependent pathway. Conclusion: The anticancer efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Condurango for treating BaP-induced lung cancer in rats lends support for its use in various traditional systems of medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.313-319
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• 1984

몰핀의 투여량, 몰핀을 주사하는 시간, 쥐의 나이에 따라서 몰핀이 food intake에 미치는 효과 유무를 Sprague-Dawley 쥐를 이용해 조사하였다. 또한 $^{3}H-naloxone$을 이용한 opiate receptor binding assay에 의해서 정상상태에서 몰핀이나 식염수를 주사한 쥐의 뇌에서 opiate receptor binding의 변화를 조사하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. Food intake에 미치는 몰핀의 효과는 2시간에 유의차를 나타냈으며 몰핀 투여량이 증가할수록 효과는 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또 어릴수록 효과가 많이 나타났으며 female이 male보다 효과가 컸으나 지속적이지 못했다. 몰핀을 주사하는 시간을 달리하는 실험에서 male 이나 female 모두 10:00에 주사한 경우에 몰핀 효과가 16 : 00에 주사한 경우보다 크게 나타났다. Opiate receptor binding assay 결과, 몰핀을 주사한 쥐에서 $^{3}H$ naloxone binding 이 유의있게 감소했으며 오전에 몰핀을 주사한 쥐에서 naloxone binding 이 더 많이 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 실험에서, 몰핀이 food intake 에 미치는 효과는 몰핀의 opiate receptor binding을 통해서 작용한 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2015

Objectives: The aims of the study were to test the single- dose intravenous toxicity of Daebohwalryeok pharmacopuncture (DHRP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to estimate the crude lethal dose. Methods: The experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech Co., a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) laboratory, according to the GLP regulation and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Biotoxtech Co. (Approval no: 110156). The rats were divided into three groups: DHRP was injected into the rats in the two test groups at doses of 10 mL/kg and 20 mL/kg, respectively, and normal saline solution was injected into the rats in the control group. Single doses of DHRP were injected intravenously into 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per group). General symptoms were observed and weights were measured during the 14 day observation period after the injection. After the observation period, necropsies were done. Then, histopathological tests were performed. Weight data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using statistical analysis system (SAS, version 9.2). Results: No deaths and no statistical significant weight changes were observed for either male or female SD rats in either the control or the test groups during the observation period. In addition, no treatment related general symptoms or necropsy abnormalities were observed. Histopathological results showed no DHRP related effects in the 20 mL/kg DHRP group for either male or female rats. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, the results from single-dose intravenous injections of DHRP showed that estimated lethal doses for both male and female rats were above 20 mL/kg.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1996

The effect of KTC-1, a new semisynthetic rifamycin antituberculous drug, on general toxicity, reproductive capability and fetal development was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were administered KTC-1 with mashed feed from 63 days before mating to the end of mating period, and female rats were given from 14 days before mating to day 7 of gestation at dose levels of 0, 375, 750, and 1,500 ppm. The females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation for examination of their fetuses. At 1,500 ppm, a reduction in body weight gain and testis atrophy were observed in male rats. Histological examination revealed testicular atrophy, absence or decrease of germinal cells, and vacuolization of Sertoli cells in testis. A reduction in body weight gain, a decrease in food consumption were found in female rats. In addition, decreases in the number of corpora lutea, iraplantations, and the litter size of live fetuses were seen. Mating, fertility, and pregnancy performances were also affected. There were no external abnormalities observed by examination of fetuses. At 750 ppm, a reduction in the body weight gain of male and female rats and decreases in the number of implantations and litter size were found. At 375 ppm, no treatment-related effects were observed. The results suggest that the no-effect dose levels (NOELs) of KTC-1 are 375 ppm for males and females on general toxicity, 750 ppm for males and females on reproductive capability, and 375 ppm for fetuses on embryonic development.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1995

The effects of orchildectomy with/without testosterone replacement in wale rats, and ovarectomy with estrogen replacement in female rats on lipid peroxidation were studied in male and female rats fed with diets fortified with 20% w/w, soybean oil or palm oil for 4 months. Serum, liver and heart homogenates were assayed for malonaldehyde and conjugated diene levels. Orchidectomy was found to reduce levels of lipid peroxidation products in the serum, liver and heart. Testosterone replacement did not increase the lipid peroxidation products to levels in the non-orchildectomised rats, while estrogen did not influence lipid peroxidation significantly. Palm oil decreased, but soybean oil increased lipid peroxidation in the liver and heart of both the castrated and sex hormone-replaced male and female rats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) after subcutaneous adminstration of $^{125}I-rBST$ in male and female rats. A solid state conjugation (Iodo-bead$^{(R)}$) method was confirmed useful for producing $^{125}I-rBST$ because the administration of the conjugated form enabled enough to determine time- concentration relationships of rBST in rats. Subcuatenous administrations showed sex differences that female ($t_{1/2,kc}$, 2.87 h) revealed rapid elimination as compared to male ($t_{1/2,ke}$, 4.81 h), with the absorption ($t_{1/2,ka}$ in male being 0.3 h and that in female 0.75 h) in the reverse order. For subcutaneous administration of rBST in male rats, the liver was the highest in amount, followed by kidney, testes, muscle, and stomach, at the slaughtering tame of 1, 6, 12 and 24 h. But the testes was the highest at the 48 h slaughtered animals, followed by liver, kidney, stomach, and muscle. In slaughtered females at 1, 6, and 12 h after the administration of rBST, the liver was the highest, followed by ovary, kidney, small intestine, and stomach. At 24 and 48 h slaughtered female rats, the ovary was the highest, the liver the second, and the kidney the third.