• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2022

This study compared the production and physiological characteristics of male and female Korean native commercial chickens. We investigated the growth performance, vitality, and stress response of 479 male and 608 female chickens from 1 d to 12 weeks of age. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were measured as growth performance. The survival rate, amount of telomeric DNA, DNA damage rate, heterophil-lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), and heat shock protein (HSP)-70, HSP-90α, and HSP-90β gene expression levels were analyzed as indicators of vitality and stress response. Body weight was significantly higher in male chickens than in female chickens after 2 weeks of age (P<0.01). Feed intake was higher in male chickens than in female chickens, whereas the feed conversion ratio showed the opposite trend. The survival rate was significantly higher in female chickens than in male chickens (82.8% vs. 73.8%, P<0.05). Stress response analysis revealed no differences between male and female chickens in terms of telomeric DNA content, DNA damage rate, H/L ratio, and HSP gene expression levels. Taken together, it was concluded that there was a significant difference in the growth performance and survival rate between male and female Korean native commercial chickens, whereas there was no difference in the degree of stress response between them. Therefore, in terms of the productivity of Korean native commercial chickens, it is judged that separate-sex rearing is much more advantageous than mixed rearing, regardless of the physiological characteristics of males and females.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.13-26
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• 2000

The purpose of this study were to identify the financial status of the home based business, and to analyze the factors effected on it. The sample consisted of 713 self-employed from data of 1998 Korea Household Panel Study, and analyzed into Frequencies, Percentile, t-test, $\varkappa$$^2$-test, and Regression Analysis. The findings showed that the household income and expenditure level of female self-employed was higher than those of male self-employed. In case of financial status of business, male self-employed's net profit was higher than female's and the net profit to total sales ratio of male self-employed was greater than female's. The factors contributing to total expenditure to total income ratio were sex, educational level, future economic expectancy, residence and home ownership of self-employed, while the factor effect on total asset to total debt ratio was only total household income. The Variables of sex, educational level of self- employed, job type of home based business and the number of employees in home based business were associated with net profit to total sales ratio, age and educational level of serif-employed, and job type of home based business was related to total sales to the number of emploees ratio(labor productivity).

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2016

To find the relation between exercise and cytokines, we examined the effect of the training intensity on the levels of cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interlukine-4 (IL-4) and interlukine-4/interferon-gamma ratio (IL-4/IFN-γ ratio) in female Futsal players. Twelve well-trained female college Futsal players aged 19~22 participated in this study. The athletes completed 30-min of running at 60~65% maximal heart rate [moderate-intensity exercise], and 30-min of running at 75~80% maximal heart rate [high-intensity exercise]. peripheral blood samples were collected 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after each of the exercise bouts. finding showed that The 30-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise induced a significant increase in IFN-γ (p=0.01) and significant decreases in IL-4 (p=0.001) and IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.003). And also, 30-min of running at 75~80% maximal heart rate induced increase in IFN-γ (p=0.07) and decreased in IL-4 (p=0.01) and IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.06) that these changes not significantly. In summary, exercise intensity can effect on the magnitude of changes in cytokines. It seems that moderate intensity exercise enhances cytokine pattern in female college Futsal players.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1982

This study was undertaken in order to get biomorphometric significance of oral candidiasis as a diagnostic method. Specimen was collected from 23 oral candidiasis outpatients(10 male and 13 female) of dental infirmary of U.C.L.A. Health Center from Sept. 1,1981 to Aug. 1,1982. The results were as follows : 1. The male-female ratio on oral candidiasis was 5/6.5. 2. The mean age of male was 42.8 and the mean age of female was 60.1. 3. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio of outmost epithelial cell layer was 0.60 ane (the nuclecytoplasmic ratio of)basal cell layer was 0.87. The difference was significant.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.829-837
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• 2012

This study was investigated seafoods provided by school food service and students' preferences for and perceptions of seafoods. The subjects were 275 second grade(age 14-16) students of 4 middle schools in Gyeongnam. The results were as follows. The most main seafoods intake place was 'home'(65.8%). 'School food service' took meaningful ratio(20.7%) of students' seafoods intakes. In the intake amount of seafoods provided by school food service, 'all' took 22.5%(male 31.6%, female 14.1%), 'more than provided' took 1.5%(male 3.0%, female 0%). Male students ate seafoods more than female students did(p<.001). In seafoods providing frequency, '2~3 times a week' took 74.5%, '4~5 times a week' took higher ratio in males' schools, while '0~1 times a week' took higher ratio in females'(p<.05). In perceptions of seafoods, most subjects had positive perceptions as 'good for health'(3.95), 'various kinds'(3.75) except 'good peculiar smell' got smallest point(2.85). In means of learning about seafoods names, 'by looking at everyday menu' took 64.6%. In taking nutrition education, 'no nutrition education' took 69.5%. In preferences for seafoods using 5-point scale, males' preferences were higher than females'(p<.001). 48.1% of males got higher than 4 point, while 14.1% of females did. In improvement measures of seafoods, 'provide various kinds'(47.3%) took highest ratio. In preferences for seafoods by seafoods kinds, preference for 'crustacean' was highest while preferences for 'shell fish' and 'fish' were relatively low. Both male and female students highly preferred laver, shrimp, swimming crab, small octopus, fish cake and tuna canned goods. Male students' preferences were higher than female students' for most kinds of seafoods. In preferences for seafoods by cooking methods, preferences for 'grilled', 'stir fried', 'pan fried' were relatively high, 'braised', 'deep fried', 'steamed' were relatively low. Males' preferences were higher than females' for every cooking method except 'steamed'.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2010

The acoustic vowel space has been used as an acoustic parameter in dysarthric speech. The aim of this work was to examine mathematical formulae for acoustic vowel space and to apply these to Korean speakers with idiopathic Parkinson's disease(IPD). Five acoustic parameters were chosen from earlier works and one new parameter was proposed, the pentagonal vowel space. The six parameters included triangular vowel space (3 area), irregular quadrilateral vowel space (4 area), irregular pentagonal vowel space (5 area), vowel articulatory index (VAI), formant centralization ratio (FCR) and F2i/F1u ratio (F2 ratio). An experimental group of 32 IPD patients(male:female=16:16) and a control group of twenty healthy people (male:female=8:12) participated in the study and repeated vowels (/a-i-u-e-o/) three times. A correlation analysis was performed among the six parameters, 2-way ANOVA was done with gender and groups as independent factors, and an independent sample t-test was conducted between the male and the female group as post hoc comparison. All parameters were highly correlated with each other and only the FCR showed a high negative correlation with the others. The results of ANOVA showed a significant difference in F2 ratio, 3 area, 4 area and 5 area between gender and in 4 area and 5 area between groups. For the male members of the two groups, significant statistical differences were found in all parameters whereas no such differences were found for the female members. These findings indicated that the vowel space of the female group was wider than the vowel space of the male group. These differences may have been caused by gender-specific speech styles rather than by patho-physiological mechanisms. We also claim that the pentagonal vowel space is better than the other vowel spaces at representing the disordered speech in natural speech situations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1994

The study was designed to investigate the relationship between dietary intakes and the obesity of 400 students who were the third grade in middle school in some areas of Seoul. The survey conducted from March 3 to 13 , 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows :The average height and weight of surveyed subject were similar to that of standard ( the third grade students in middle school in Seoul, 1991) . Compared to the standard weight/height ratio, subject who belonged to overweight and obese group were 16.4% of male students, 16.1% of female students respectively. Female subjects showed higher ratio than male subjects in skipping meals, frequency of snack per day and concern about a dieting . In case of subjects who belonged to weight /height ratio was high, their speed of dining was fast and they have more concern about a dieting. Compared to the amount of the nutritional intakes of RDA, calcium intakes of male and female subjects were deficient. Especially iron intakes of female subjects were deficient. In takes of Calorie (p<0.01) protein(p<0.05) and fat 9p<0.01) of obese group were higher those of non-obese group. Obese group showed good appetite and overeating also . Correlation analysis showed that obese group seemed to the closely associated with relative body weight of parents, family income, frequency of meals per day, frequency of meals per day, frequency of snack per day, speed of dining and overeating .

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.152-181
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• 1985

A statistical analysis on the cardiothoracic ratio in insurance medicine was carried out for 5,200 insured persons who were medically examined including photofluorography of the chest at the Honam medical department, Dong Bang life insurance Company, Ltd from November, 1979 to August, 1984. The results were as follows: 1. The mean value of the cardiothoracic ratio in all of the insured was $44.2{\pm}4.3%$. The mean value of the cardiothoracic ratio was $43.1{\pm}4.1%$ in all males and $45.2{\pm}4.2%$ in all females, and the difference of the values between males and females showed statistical significance(P<0.001). In each age group, the mean value of the cardiothoracic ratios of female was higher than that of male without exception and the difference of the values between males and females showed statistical significance(P<0.001). The mean value of the cardiothoracic ratio showed gradual increase with age from the second to sixth decade in male(P<0.05 or 0.001 after fourth decade) and from the second to seventh decade in female(P<0.05 or 0.001 from the second to sixth decade). 2. Correlation between both sexes and among age groups relating to the cardiothoracic ratios of the insureds seen to be a physiological phenomenon of the cardiac size and should be considered on the rating of the cardiothoracic ratio. Based on the correlation above mentioned and an author's assumption that the incidence of normal and abnormal cardiothoracic ratios in each age group would show the same rate in male and female, author prepared a modified rating table from the existing table; in male group the existing rating table is used and in female group the ratings of 0, 30-50, 50-100 and 100-D are to calculate by the cardiothoracic ratio of 51%or under, 52-56%, 57-61% and 62% or over respectively in the age group below 39, by the cardiothoracic ratio of 52% or under, 53-57%, 58%-62% and 63% or over respectively in the age group of 40-49, by the cardiothoracic ratio of 53% or under, 54-58%, 59-63% and 64% or over respectively in the age group over 60. 3. The relative frequency distribution polygons of the cardiothoracic ratio of both sexes drawn in a pair on one coordinate plane revealed lying in juxtaposition each other horizontally and showed the shifting of females polygon to male's one toward the direction of greater value of the cardiothoracic ratio at a short distance which increased gradually with age. 4. The minimum cardiothoracic ratio was 31.2% and the maximum cardiothoracic ratio was 63.6% in all of the insured. 5. In each age group, no significant sex difference was found in the relative frequency distribution of ratings by the cardiothoracic ratios of 5,200 insureds by using the rating table modified by author, while significant sex difference was found by using the existing rating table.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2014

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) has a great potential value for aquaculture in Korea. The theoretical sex ratio of this flounder is close to 1:1 as it is in many other type of fish. However, according to the size selection during artificial seedling production, there is a possibility of unbalanced sex ratio. The actual flounder culturing needs female seedlings because of faster growth than male in economically. However, little is known about the sex ratio of cultured flounder. The six populations consisted of three wild populations and three cultured populations were analyzed for investigating the sex ratio. The sex ratio of wild populations ranged from 1.10 to 1.93 in female and 0.52 to 0.91 in male. And the sex ratio of cultured populations ranged from 0.20 to 2.15 in female and 0.46 to 4.88 in male. This result indicated that the sex ratio of cultured flounder varies depending on the size selection method.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-280
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• 2007

Social spiders consistently show highly female-biased sex ratios. However, the sex ratio of subsocial spiders, which have been suggested as an intermediate stage of the evolutionary pathway towards permanent sociality, is generally unknown. We investigated the sex ratio and approximate date of fertilization of the subsocial spider, Amaurobius ferox Walckenaer (Araneae: Amaurobiidae). Investigation over 2 years revealed that sex ratio of A. ferox was consistent across years and averaged 0.49. By early May $(1^{st}{\sim}10^{th})$, 66.6% of female A. ferox observed in the field had already been inseminated, and by late May $(21^{st}{\sim}31^{th})$, 95.4% of females had been inseminated. This result suggests that A. ferox need a long time or cold temperatures to prepare them for reproduction after the developmental attainment of the adult stage.