• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.543-552
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• 2013

Physiological and subjective responses of the farmers and thermal environment during chili harvest in the open field were investigated to evaluate the thermal environments and farmers's workload. Eight career female farmers in their sixties participated as subjects both in morning work(MW, AM 9:00~10:30) and in afternoon work(AW, PM 15:00~16:30) with each lasting about 90 minutes. The results were as follows. 1) Air temperature, air humidity, globe temperature and WBGT of MW were mean $25.54^{\circ}C$, 81.82%RH, $37.72^{\circ}C$, $26.27^{\circ}C$ and AW were mean $30.63^{\circ}C$ 82.50%RH, $40.11^{\circ}C$, $30.02^{\circ}C$, respectively. By the WBGT, we evaluated that the thermal environment in the afternoon in the open field gave a thermal burden to farmers. 2) Mean skin temperature of AW($34.8{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$) was higher than MW($33.5{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$)(p<0.05). Clothing microclimate temperature on the chest of each work time were $31.3^{\circ}C$(MW) and $32.7^{\circ}C$(AW). Clothing microclimate humidity on the chest of each work time were over 80%RH. Heart rate were 88.5bpm(MW) and 91.7bpm(AW) respectively. 3) Farmers working in the afternoon felt uncomfortable after 45~60 min. of work and in the morning they felt uncomfortable after 90 min. of work. We evaluated that the harvesting of chilies in the open field was 'moderate work' by the physiological responses but the level of thermal burden increased over time especially in the afternoon work. It is suggested that farm workers should drink fluids between work to stay in homeostasis by sweating and to take frequent rests. Active clothing ventilation and wearing functional garments would help farm workers excrete sweat effectively.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1995

As compared before, agricultural machines are used more commonly instead of animal or manpower in rural areas and the injuries due to those are common. This study was conducted by questionnaire method in order to find out the current status of injuries due to agricultural machines for farmers who was selected from three Gun's in Kyeongsangnam Province. The study subjects were 385 persons in all(210 male persons, 175 female reasons) and the study period was from July through September 1993. The results were as follows; 1. The injury rate due to agricultural machines was high in male(p<0.05), and it was higher in younger age group and higher educated group. 2. The injury occurred high in summer and autumn seasons(77.6%), in the afternoon(60.6%), and during harvest(35.2%). 3. The major injuries were contusion, fracture, amputation in order and the injured sites were arms, legs, and chest in order. 31.7% of the injured farmers had been admitted, and they were treated at hospitals, home, drugstores and health centers in order. 4. The casualty damage was highest by cultivators, and agricultural instruments, threshing machine were followed. Among traumatic injuries concerned with cultivators contusions were most common, and fractures, amputations were followed. In case of agricultural instruments bruises were most common, and incisions, contusion were followed. In case of threshing machines fractures were most common and contusion, bruise were followed.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.1102-1109
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• 1993

This paper describes the research and development of Walking Tractors and Tillage Implements for Phase I (1991-1992) . The project consists of : (1) the study and need for the development of the walking tractors for Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries ; (2) the comparison in the use of the walking tractors and their transmission systems that are made in Thailand and aborad : and (3) the design of future walking tractors for Asian farmers in developing countries. The design of the walking tractors is concentrated to provide the ease to farmers, especially the elderly and female which will play an important role in the future agriculture of Thailand due to the lack of manpower. In addition , the design of the walking tractors is also aiming for small-scale farmers, the majority that have limited land capital. The walking tractors consist of several components but the most important one is the " Transmission System" . Thus, the research is concentrated in the devel pment an design of the a new transmission system. The new machine , currently developed, is named after the Chulalongkron University as " Chular Walking Tractor " , model SPJS -60. The tractor uses a 6-7 horsepower diesel engine with three forward gears and one reverse gear. The tractor also uses the latest gearing technology so called planetary gearing system with steering clutches system that never been used in any earlier model. The advantages of the planetary gearing system are : (1) the final drive gear can be small, and can be designed to provide higher strength with less wearing resistance, (2) the system eliminates a shaft which is used in other systems, thus reduces the weight and the manufacturing cost . Furthermore, the Chular Walking Tractor has an additional power take off shaft that can be used or linked with other standard agricultural implements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2000

Like other livestock, monogastric animals are essential components of the farming systems in the tropical countries. Pigs, chicken and ducks are by far the most important animals in the culture of the peoples of developing countries in the tropics. Traditionally these animals are raised in small farms and they are also the bulk producers of meat, eggs etc. in the tropics. In many countries the farmers of these small farms are unable to meet the requirement set by financial institution and other loan giving agencies for agricultural loan. Thus, the small farmers can get neither the opportunity to generate sufficient income to support the family nor to extend the livestock activities. The production systems are characterized by small number of animals with no or minimal inputs, low outputs and periodic destruction of animals by disease. Typically the litter size or flocks are small in number with each household containing 5-6 pigs and 7-10 poultry. Animals are owned by individual households and mostly maintained under a scavenging systems with little or no inputs for housing, feeding or health care. Because of the nature of this production system, productivity of these animals is rather low. The low level of inputs is due to a lack of capital and a low risk oriented outlook. The feed resource base for monogastric is scavenging and consists of household waste, roots and tuber, grain by-products and anything edible found in the immediate environment. Usually farmers select breeding gilts from their own female piglets or to a lesser extent, buy them from neighbors for natural mating. As regards poultry attempts have been made to increase egg and meat production by improving local poultry birds by upgrading and crossbreeding with exotic germ plasma in the tropics. Animal disease present a major constraint to animal production in the tropical region and the extent of the losses due to disease is very high.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.739-747
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary habit and nutrient intakes of Korean farmers according to their different family patterns and farming types. Food and nutrient intakes were obtained by food frequency method. The subjects(male 35%, female 65% : mean age, $48{\pm}11 years)$ were compared 46% of nuclear family, 59% of 3-4 person of family size ; 50% of middle-scale farming ; 54% of rice farming. Sixteen percent were over 60 years old group. In aspects of dietary habit, farmers of medium size farming and 10-20 years of farming experience frequently skipped meals. But their appetite was better than small farm famers. Dinner irregularity was more frequent in their group of 3-4 person families. The numbers of food intake were significantly different according to family pattern. Nuclear family groups consumed more kinds of foods. The mean energy intake was 2000Kcal/day, with PFC ratio of 19 : 16 : 65. The energy and nutrient intakes showed the same tendency as the food variety. Intakes of calcium and iron were lower than the Korean RDA. Families with over 5 people consumed higher amounts of protein and minerals. Intakes of thiamin, niacin, and vitamin E were better in large families and large-scale farming groups. As compared with the PMS ratio, the level of monounsaturated fatty acids as higher than saturated FA. The lipid intake was also better in large families and large-scale farming. The results suggest that dietary habit and nutrient intakes were different by family pattern and farming types.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.867-884
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• 2020

Trypoxylus dichotomus is highly utilized in the domestic insect industry and bred at many farms nationwide. Recently, the number of farmers has been increasing due to the expansion of its use in food and medicine. However, the traditional breeding methods have high economic costs, which include relatively large breeding boxes, large amounts of sawdust and a 2 to 1 ratio (or higher) of female to male. Thus, it is essential to develop a cost-effective breeding method. In this study, a breeding cage with a partition was designed and used to investigate the reproduction rate of T. dichotomus with only a single pair of male and female insect. According to the investigation, the average number of eggs laid in the un-partitioned breeding cage was 93.6, and 121.3 eggs were laid in the partitioned breeding cage. This result shows that T. dichotomus lays more eggs in the partitioned breeding cage rather than in the un-partitioned breeding cage. In addition, it was found that T. dichotomus tends to lay more eggs in compressed sawdust, which was harder than the common fermented sawdust. Through a wind-tunnel assay, it was shown that the ovipositing female recognizes the eggs and avoids them to disperse their eggs elsewhere. These results indicate that the partitioned breeding cage may increase the hardness of the sawdust, restrict the adult's movement and provide a new place for oviposition for the female, and therefore results in an increased reproduction rate with less cost.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2002

농촌지역 여성의 고혈압 예방과 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 충주지역의 고혈압환자 및 정상인 지원자를 대상으로 2001년 5월 11일-15일(5일 동안)에 걸쳐 일반적인 건강 및 영양섭취상태를 조사 분석하였다. 분석결과 고혈압군에서 체중, 허리둘레, 허리와 엉덩이 둘레의 비, 허리와 허벅지 둘레 및 혈청 중성지방 수준이 유의하게 높았다. 지방을 제외한 영양소 섭취량은 고혈압군에서 많았으나 칼슘과 비타민 $B_2$ 섭취량은 권장량의 70% 수준이었다. 뇨중 나트륨 배설량 및 뇨중 나트륨 배설량으로 추정된 나트륨 섭취량은 고혈압 군에서 높은 경향을 보였으며 배추김치의 Na(mg/g) 함량과 Na/K이 고혈압군에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 조사대상의 나트륨 섭취실태 조사에는 짠맛에 대한 기호도, 염장식품의 염도 및 뇨중 나트륨 배설량 등의 분석도 필요하며, 농촌 고혈압 여성의 혈압 및 건강관리를 위해서는 단순한 식염 섭취의 감소뿐 아니라 싱겁게 먹으려는 개인의 노력과 캄슘, 칼륨 및 비타민 $B_2$ 섭취수준의 적정화 등 다각적인 측면에서의 교육과 지도가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze the specific genes associated with sex-determination in Korean native cow. The highly organized spermatogenesis requires accurate spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, which is governed by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic processes. Recently, farmers have been interested in determining the sexual identity of the calves in their farm. We analyzed the sperm of Korean native and Holstein cows, which were supplied from Hanwoo Improvement Center. We evaluated sperm motility and expression of sperm-specific genes after treating semen with both male- and female reagents. Sperm motility in Korean native cows decreased by approximately 10% in the first 30 minutes after treatment with sex-determination reagent. However, sperm motility of Holstein cows decreased to 60-70% after 15 minutes and to 20-30% after 30 minutes. We selected six specific genes expressing in the spermatozoa to analysis the gene expression level. The Real-time PCR results suggest that the selected genes (Gimap4, Tmeff1, Rac2, Abi2, Rac1, and Clu) were highly expressed in the group treated with the male reagent compared to the group treated the female reagent and to the untreated-group (control). In the present study, we suggest that the selected genes play a pivotal role in sex-determination.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 1996

비닐하우스 재배농민들의 건강문제와 비닐하우스 내의 환경 상태를 파악하고, 그 해결방안을 모색하기 위하여 1995년 8월 10일부터 9월 10일까지 1개월 동안 김천시 인근의 5개지역에서 농사를 짓는 성인 남녀 가운데 무작위로 추출된, 비닐하우스 재배농민 209명과 일반농민 161명을 대상으로 직접 면담조사를 실시하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비닐하우스 농민의 농사경력 평균 17.29, 15.08년이 일반농민의 31.24, 25.58년에 비해 짧았으며(P<0.05), 노동시간은 거의 비슷하였다. 월간 노동일수를 보면 비닐하우스 재배농민 남녀 각각의 평균이 28일, 27.52일로 일반농민 평균 26.57일, 25.95일에 비해 더 많았다. 2. 비닐하우스 재배농민의 농부증 신체 증상 호소율은 요통, 어깨결림, 수족감각 둔화, 어지러움 등으로 나타났으며, 일반 농민들 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 3. 지난 1년동안 농약살포 회수는 비닐하우스 재배농민이 평균 23.79회로서 일반농민의 8.36회 보다 약 3배 많았으며(P<0.05), 농약중독 경험율도 비닐하우스 재배농민이 $9.09\%$로 일반 농민 $1.24\%$보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 4. 비닐하우스 내부 및 외부의 온도, 습도 그리고 불쾌지수를 보면 비닐하우스 내부 온도는 평균 $34.6{\pm}5.05^{\circ}C$로서 외부의 $22.9{\pm}4.3^{\circ}C$에 비해 $11.7^{\circ}C$이상 차이가 있었으며, 습도의 경우 비닐하우스 내부가 $65.9\%$로서 외부의 $76.5\%$보다 $10.6\%$ point 낮게 나타났다. 불쾌지수는 비닐하우스 내부 평균이 $83{\pm}4.61$, 외부 평균이 $70.64{\pm}5.61$로서 내부가 높게 나타났다. 5. 지난 1년간 농부중의 신체증상을 치료한 의료기관을 보면 비닐하우스 재배농민은 물리치료 $43.06\%$, 약국 $24.40\%$, 병원 $18.66\%$, 한의원 $5.74\%$ 순으로 나타났으며, 일반농민은 약국 $34.16\%$, 물리치료 $27.33\%$, 병원 $18.63\%$, 민간요법 $11.18\%$순으로 나타났다(P<0.01).

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2005

Family has emerged as a key concept for health, and it has been identified as one of the most important conditions. The relationship between health habit and its management is different depending on family. The odd pair family, mostly rural lower income class, worry to have poor health because of no spouse and small family size. One thousand eight hundred and seventy(1870) subjects were collected in 9 provinces through the sampling of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). Questionnaire method was conducted on health checking, bath states, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the prevalence of farmer's health related problems. The main results were as follows: 1) The characteristics of odd pair families are that the head of household is female(77% ), the size of family is small(1.76 persons), the education level is low(7.5 years for male, 3.1 years for female) and the age group is old (male: 89.78 year old, female: 73.69 year old). 2) For the odd pair family, the frequency of health checking is quite low with one or two times per year(l0.2%) and the rate of no-health checking is much higher(35.8%) .3) Bathing utility is not available 29.6% of the odd pair family and only cold water is supplied at home for the 11.5 % of them. However, for the paired family, 9.8 % of them has no bathing utility and the rate of the family supplied with only cold water is just 7.9%. 4) The bathing frequency score of odd pair family is l.74points for male and 1.25 points for female. 5) The rate of smoking habits for odd pair family is 68.5 % and specially it is 7.6% for female, which is higher comparing with that of pair family. 6) The smoking frequency score of odd pair family is 1.57 points. 7) Alcohol drinking frequency score of odd pair family is 1.79 points for male, and 3.24points for female. 8) Farmers' syndrome(FS) revealed 38.7% of odd pair family and it is lower than that of pair family(57.3%). Special pain of FS was huckle bone and muscle(28.4%) and articular pain(24.l %). The pain rate of huckle bone and muscle(43.l %) and articular pain(33.5%) were higher in a year in odd pair family were lower than those of pair family: farming machine caused accidents(6.5%) and pesticide poisoning(5.7%). l0) The odd pair family use more frequently medical clinic or public health center for the treatment of FS(74.7%) and pesticide poisoning(62.5%) than the pair family for FS(69.0%) and for pesticide poisoning(.53.6%). The score of FS treatment is 5.70 points for odd pair family and it is not significantly different from 5.62 points of the paired family. The result of pesticide poisoning treatment score is as same as that of FS.