• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to search how to promote health and improve nutrition and health care of the elderly people in rural area. Behaviors for health promotion and habits against health risk were surveyed. Dietary management was analyzed for surveyed nutrient intake by 24 hr -recall method. 242 subjects were collected in 12 cities or counties in Gyeonggi Province and 20 elderly people (10 male and 10 female) were selected out of 1 village in each district. Questionnaire for health behavior and dietary management was carried out by trained interviewers. Statistical analyses were made by SAS (version 8.1) and Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were used. Characteristics of the elderly people were 61-74 year-olds (68.2%), elementary school educated (78.4%), with spouse (51.7%), monthly living cost of 500-1,000 thousand won(43.4%), and monthly pocket money of 50-100 or 100-200 thousand won(33.5%, 26.5%). 41.4% of the subjects checked up medical examination regularly. The alcohol drinking status was significantly different according to gender: high no-drink rate of female (52.5%) and low no-drink rate of male (25.6%). Kinds of disease were different according to gender: higher proportion of cardiovascular disease(46.3%) and diabetes mellitus(8.1 %) in male and joint lumbago neuralgia(44.4%) and osteoporosis(8.6%) in female. Gastrointestinal complaints were nausea (69.0%) and chronic indigestion (17.8%). Constipation (12.0%) and vomiting (4.3%) were more frequent in female. Dietary management was good (3 meals per day: 93.4%., dining with family: 72.4%, regular mealtime: 72.4%, and 3-4 times of snacks per week: 44.9%) except side dish taking of 3-4 kinds only. However, almost one-third of the female elderly ate alone (30.6%) which was well compared with one-fifth of the male (19.7%). And food and nutrients intake were not significantly different according to gender except that male elderly's intake of energy and protein was lower than that of female's. The surveyed subjects had no difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), but some female elderly had some difficulties with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) like working at home, using transport, and going shopping. These results suggest that low quality of life linked with low economic status of the rural elderly and that congregate meal at village hall would be required for the female elderly eating alone. For the undernourished male elderly, it would be needed to provide snacks and to establish nutrition and health surveillance system.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the happiness according to gender of the elderly living alone. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the raw data from the 2015 Community Health Survey. The subjects of this study were 14,705 elderly people aged 65 years or older, of which 2,198 were male elderly and 12,507 were female elderly. Results: The factors influencing the happiness of both male and female elderly were household income, depression, subjective stress level, subjective health level, quality of life, and lack of required medical service experience (p<.05). In addition, the male elderly were affected by the age, and the female elderly were affected by education, sleep time, walking and breakfast practice, and health screening (p<.05). Conclusions: It is necessary to develop and apply programs that can reduce the stress to increase the happiness of the elderly living alone, and efforts should be made not to cause a blind spot in terms of the health and welfare of the elderly living alone.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2010

Domestic insurance claims were statistically investigated to analyze the elderly driver's accident patterns and injury types in side impact crashes. Medical treatment records and accident vehicle damage photos have been surveyed for 5,419 cases. The results of our statistical analysis showed that the thorax injury risk of the elderly drive group is 8.8 and 4.0 times higher than that of the young and middle age group respectively. Diagnosis showed that most thorax injuries were caused by rib fracture. The head injury risk of the elderly female driver group seemed to be higher than that of the younger female driver group, however, statistical test has not been conducted because of the lack of number of samples for elderly female accident.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.200-211
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• 2010

This study examines the clothing purchasing behavior of elderly female consumers based on their perceived age. This study grouped elderly female consumers by their perceived age and examined what influence the clothing selection criteria or fashion information sources have on individual clothing purchase behavior. From January $10^{th}$ to February $25^{th}$ 2008, data research was conducted on 194 elderly women in their 60s and 70s from Seoul. The SPSS 14.0 software program was used to conduct data analyses such as descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, ANOVA, and the Duncan test as a post-hoc analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, the elderly female consumers were divided into three groups, younger, average, and older according to their perceived age. Second, the factors derived from the factor analysis of their clothing selection criteria included personal relevance, practicability, conformity, and economic efficiency. In addition, three factors of advertising/media-provided, consumer-provided and store-provided information were extracted from the factor analysis of fashion information sources. Third, there were significant differences in personal relevance and conformity that depended on the perceived age of elderly female consumers for clothing selection criteria. Fourth, in the use of fashion information sources, significant differences were found in all aspects of advertising/media-provided, consumer-provided, and store-provided information sources that depended on their perceived age.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 1999

A deep understanding of the dietary patterns and nutrient intake is important for assessment of possilbe nutritional risk and for establishing nutrition improvement strategies. This study was conducted toexamine the dietary characteristics of a nutritionally poor elderly group compared to the middle-and highly-nourished group. Elderly participant was recruited from local elderly centers in Suwon city in 1998. Trained dietitians interviewed 119 elderly(35 males, 84 females) aged 60 years and over for collecting dietary data(24-hour recall) and related variables. Male and female subjects were grouped into high, middle, and low according to the mean nutrient adequancy ratio(MAR) tertiles. An analysisof the percentage of RDA(Recommended Daily Allowances of Korea) for each of the 10 nutrients showed that the male low-MAR group consumed below the RDA in all kinds of nutrients, and the female low-MAR group consumed nutrients below the RDA except vitamin C. An evaluation of nutrient density by Index of Nutritonal Quality(INQ) also showed a similar tendency. Thus, the INQ level of the male low-MAR group was significantly lower than the middle-or high-MAR group, especially in protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and phosphorus(p<0.05). Moreover, INQ level of female low-MAR group was significantly lower than that of the high group(p<0.05) in all nutrients. The female low-MAR group's daily food intake were also lower than those of the high-MARgroup in gains, fish, fruits, oil and beverages. The energy distribution from carbohydrates, fats and proteins showed that the male low-MAR group had significantly higher carbohydrate and lower fat proportions compared to each gender high-MAR group, respectively. The male and female low-MAR group had low scores about eating all side dishes. These findings indicate that a moderate increase of the meat/egg/fishes intake was needed by the male low-MAR group for improving nutrition adequacy, and an overall increase of the food quantity and quality was desired for the female low-MAR group. These data could be used for planning a community elderly nutrition program and establishing strategies for tailored guidelines for the individuals.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.179-185
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare vertical ground reaction forces during sit to stand (STS) and gait between female elderly and young individuals using the Wii Balance Board (WBB). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifty-one female elderly people (age: $75.18{\pm}4.60years$), and 13 young people (age: $29.85{\pm}3.69years$) performed the five times STS test and gait respectively on the WBB. We analyzed time (s), vertical peak (%), integral summation (Int_SUM, %), and counter variables (%) in STS and 1st peak (body weight, BW%), 2nd peak (BW%), peak minimum (BW%), time (second), center of pressure (COP) path length (mm), and Int_SUM (BW%) in gait. The independent t-test was used to assess for differences in STS, gait ability, and general characteristics between the female elderly group and young adults group. With the first and last trials excluded, the mean value was obtained from the middle three of the five trials. Results: During STS, Int_SUM and time of young adults were significantly less than of the female elderly subjects. There were no significant differences in peak and counter variables. In gait, all variables (1st peak, 2nd peak, min, time, COP_path, and Int_SUM) showed significant differences between groups (p<0.05). This study demonstrated that the validity of vertical ground reaction forces occurring during STS and gait was significant in female elderly and young adults. Conclusions: Based on the measurement of vertical ground reaction forces in STS and gait using the WBB, it is possible to clinically improve the quality of geriatric physical therapy. Further studies are necessary to examine concurrent validity of elderly patients who have undergone total hip or knee replacement.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.264-275
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this Study was to identify the factors that affect the caregiving burdens felt by the female family caregivers and quality of caregiving. Method: The subjects were 247 female family caregivers who were living with the elderly and were residing in Seoul. Data was collected from June 30, 2000 to Agust 11 by using questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchial multiple regression with SAS/PC. Result: Situational factors had the greatest influence on the caregiving burdens. While the interactive factors of discrepancy between past and present image of elder and the caregiving belief were proven to be significant, the former had greater influence. The factors affecting the quality of caregiving, this is greatly influenced by situational factors and interactive factors. The discrepancy between past and present image of elder had relatively little influence while caregiving belief had the greatest influence. Among the situational factors, family stress had the greatest influence, while the caregiving burdens had little influence on the quality of caregiving. Conclusion: In order to improve the quality of caregiving in elderly by the female caregiver in the family, and to reduce the caregiving burdens, it is important to consider variables related to interaction as well as those directly concerned with caregiver and the elderly for nursing intervention.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 2005

This study aimed to estimate the effect of the home based food supplying program in single living female elderly on the basis of depression, Health and Nutrition Risk Index, dietary attitude and dish consumption frequencies. The Food Supplying Program was carried out for 8 months for 27 single living female elderly from lower income status in Bucheon city. Main supplied foods were consisted with soymilk, vegetables, fruits and fish. The effect of the food supplying program were analyzed for 22 elderly who completed the program (group supplied with food : GSF) compared to the group not supplied with food (GNSF). The results of this study were as follows: Degree of depression estimated with depression score and Health-Nutrition Risk Index were decreased and the scores of dietary attitude and behaviors were increased for GSF after 8 months. However these improvements were not shown in the GNSF. GSF showed significantly increased consumption frequencies in soybean milk, tangerine, stir fried anchovy and yogurt, where as GNSF was observed with the decreasing trend in most of the dishes. In conclusion, home based food supplying program for single living female elderly not only increased the consumption frequencies of some dishes but also improved depression rate, Health and Nutrition Risk Index and dietary behavior concomitantly.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.163-178
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze leisure factors affect happiness of the elderly by sex in Korea and then to discuss implications for the findings. Data of National Leisure Activity Survey conducted by Korea Culture & Tourism Institute in 2016 were used for this study. From this dataset, 891 male elderly and 970 female elderly aged above 65 were selected for this study. Ordered logistic regression model was used by considering the nature of the dependent variable. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, choice proportions of leisure activities classified by four type are different by sex of the elderly. Second, among control variables, household income, residential area, joining a club have different significant effect on happiness of the elderly by sex but volunteering have same significant effect on happiness of the elderly by sex. Third, any type of leisure activity have no significant effect on happiness of both the male elderly and the female elderly. Fourth, cost of leisure has significant positive effect on happiness of both the male elderly and the female elderly but has different significance by sex. Fifth, focus on leisure rather than work has very significant positive effect on happiness of both the male elderly and the female elderly. Sixth, leisure life satisfaction has very significant positive effect on happiness of both the male elderly and the female elderly.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.475-482
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of body composition between male elder and female elder. This study consisted of elder male(n=48) and elder female(n=90). The average age of elder male and female was 73.81, 71.38 years. The data were analyzed with t-test, using SPSS PC+ program. Body composition was measured using Inbody 2.0(seoul, korea) of segmental multi-frequn-cy impedance analyzer technique. The result of this study were the following: 1. The difference of Body composition 1) The muscle mass(kg) of elder male was significantly(P<.00) higher than elder female by 8.30kg. 2) The %fat of elder female was significantly(P<.00) higher than elder male by 8.65%. 3) The WHR(%) elder female was no significantly higher than elder male by 0.01%. 4) The free fat mass(kg) of elder male was significantly(P<.00) higher than elder female by 8.67kg. 5) The TBW(l) of elder male was significantly(P<.00) higher than elder female by 6.081 The factor of significant difference of between elder male and female was muscle mass(kg), %fat, free fat mass(kg), total body water(l).