• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.880-886
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• 2007

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1946-1955
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of keratinase (KE) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in rice bran, cottonseed meal (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and peanut meal (PNM). Methods: Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire, $50.5{\pm}1.4kg$ body weight [BW]) fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum were allotted to a $12{\times}6$ Youden Square design with 12 diets and 6 periods. The treatment diets included rice bran, CSM, RSM, corn DDGS, PNM, or corn-soybean meal (cSBM) supplemented with 0.05% KE or not. Diets were given to pigs at a level of 3% BW in two equal meals. The endogenous AA losses were the mean results of three previously experiments determined by a same nitrogen-free diet fed to pigs. Pigs had free access to water during the experiment. Results: The KE supplementation improved (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met, Thr, Val, Asp, Cys, and Tyr in rice bran. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met and Val in CSM. The KE supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of His in RSM and all measured AA except for Arg, Met, Trp, Val, Gly, and Pro in corn DDGS. There was an increase (p<0.05) in AID and SID of Leu, Ile, Met, Ala, Cys, Ser, and Tyr in PNM supplemented with KE compared with that without KE. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of crude protein, Leu, Ile, Phe, Thr, Asp, and Ser in cSBM. Conclusion: This study indicated that KE had different effects on ileal AA digestibility of feedstuffs for growing pigs, which can give some usage directions of KE in swine feed containing those detected feedstuffs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 2019

Objective: Research was conducted to test the effect of including fiber-rich feedstuffs in practical pig diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ammonia emissions from slurry. Methods: Three Vietnamese fiber sources were screened, namely cassava leaf meal (CL), cassava root residue (CR), and tofu by-product (TF). Accordingly, a control diet (Con) with 10% of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and three test diets including one of the three fiber-rich feedstuffs to reach 15% of NSP were formulated. All formulated diets had the same level of crude protein (CP), in vitro ileal protein digestible and metabolisable energy, whereas the in vitro hindgut volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of the test diets was 12% to 20% higher than the control diet. Forty growing barrows with initial body weight at $28.6{\pm}1.93kg$ ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) were allocated to the four treatments. When pigs reached about 50 kg of body weight, four pigs from each treatment were used for a nitrogen balance trial and ammonia emission assessment, the remaining six pigs continued the second period of the feeding trial. Results: The TF treatment increased fecal VFA by 33% as compared with the control treatment (p = 0.07), suggesting stimulation of the hindgut fermentation. However, urinary N was not significantly reduced or shifted to fecal N, nor was slurry pH decreased. Accordingly, ammonia emissions were not mitigated. CR and CL treatments failed to enhance in vivo hindgut fermentation, as assessed by fecal VFA and purine bases. On the contrary, the reduction of CP digestibility in the CL treatment enhanced ammonia emissions from slurry. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of cassava and tofu byproducts through an increase of dietary NSP from 10% to 15% might stimulate fecal VFA excretion but this does not guarantee a reduction in ammonia emissions from slurry, while its interaction with protein digestibility even might enhance enhanced ammonia emission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.976-987
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• 1999

The process of weaning, no matter how carefully managed, results in changes in the gut of the pig that make it more susceptible to digestive upset, diarrhea and impaired appetite. The objective in developing feeding programs is to recognize these unique needs and facilitate a smooth transition to a dry feed. How well this is accomplished, has a significant impact on future performance. This paper provides a review of recent research on the nutrients required by early weaned pigs and examines what feedstuffs are available to provide those nutrients in a form that can be best utilized by the early weaned piglet.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.273-276
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• 1992

Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the lead contents of various feedstuffs produced in Chonbuk area. Fifty-five samples were collected from 5 regions. All of the samples were dry-ashed and analyzed for lead content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained were summarized as followed : 1. The lead content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of agriculture by-products were measured with the following mean values and ranges : soybean pod 7.01${\pm}$2.49(4.71∼10.66), rice bran 4.56${\pm}$0.90(3.17∼5.65), rice straw 3.89${\pm}$2.01(1.29∼6.33), rice hull 1.92${\pm}$1.77(0∼3.63). 2. The lead content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of pasture plants were measured with the following mean values and ranges : kudzu 20.29${\pm}$4.75(14.84∼25.34), clover 13.92${\pm}$2.68(10.17∼16.44), lespedeza 10.91${\pm}$9.00 (3.35∼23.54), sagebrush 10.75${\pm}$3.28(5.14∼13.18), Korean lawn grass 5.05${\pm}$2.29(2.57∼7.79), cornstalk 3.91${\pm}$2.55(0.50∼7.22), reed 2.92${\pm}$1.88(0.50∼5.73). 3. Seventeen samples (30.9%) out of 55 samples showed lead content of more than 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g which are said to be the upper limit value for all animals. 4. The regional mean v짓ues for 리1 kinds of samples were Wanju-gun 10.02${\pm}$8.55$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Mooju-gun 8.16${\pm}$4.91$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Namwon-gun 7.09${\pm}$4.59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Okgu-gun 7.06${\pm}$7.11$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Jeongup-gun 6.35${\pm}$6.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/g.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.267-271
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• 1992

Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the cadmium contents of various feedstuffs produced in Chonbuk area. Fifty-five samples were collected from 5 regions. All of the samples were dry-ashed and analyzed for cadmium content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained were summarized as followed : 1. The cadmium content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of agriculture by-products were measured with the following mean values and ranges : soybean pod 3.15${\pm}$0.51(2.40∼3.81), rice bran 2.87${\pm}$0.23(2.50∼3.09), rice straw 1.66${\pm}$0.85(1.08∼3.14), rice hull 0.86${\pm}$0.45(0.41∼1.35). 2. The cadmium content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of pasture plants were measured with the following mean values and ranges : kudzu 5.65${\pm}$1.00(4.87∼7.29), sagebrush 4.86${\pm}$1.24(2.89∼6.24), clove, 4.28${\pm}$0.75(2.99∼4.86), lespedeza 3.99${\pm}$1.21(2.38∼4.94), Korean lawn grass 2.24${\pm}$1.04(1.33∼3.44), reed 1.99${\pm}$0.95(0.88∼2.91), cornstalk 1.61${\pm}$0.99(0.38∼3.12). 3. The regional mean values for all kinds of samples were Okgu-gun 3.19${\pm}$2.09$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Mooju-gun 3.15${\pm}$1.73$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Wanju-gun 3.05${\pm}$1.76$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Namwon-gun 2.85${\pm}$1.70$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Jeongup-gun 2.85${\pm}$1.25$\mu\textrm{g}$/g.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2018

Purpose: Fermented feedstuffs have been found to improve productivity, reduce manure odor, and increase immunity. However, because there is not a commercialized pelletizing system for fermented total mixed ration (TMR) for pig feeding in Korea, a pelletizing system using TMR fermented feed was developed. Methods: The particle size, density, and volumetric density of the TMR feeds used in the test were measured. The pellet durability index (PDI, %) value of the pelletized TMR feed based on its moisture content, and the amount of pellet production based on the rotation speed of the compression roller were measured. Results: The test materials, TMR1 and TMR2, were approximately compressed to 387 kg/m3 with 18.2% (w.b.) and 544 kg/m3 with 22.2% (w.b.), respectively. Throughout this pellet molding test, the moisture content from 15 to 20% (w.b.) of mixture feedstuffs, including fermented forage, could be used for pellet molding. Based on the results, a small-scale pellet molding system of fermented TMR was designed and manufactured for pig farms. As rotation speed increased, the throughput increased, whereas the moisture content decreased by approximately 2% (w.b.) because of pellet molding. The best yield of pellets with 94.2% PDI was of 536 kg/h at 135 rpm rotation speed. Conclusions: Although the throughput of the prototype increased as the rotation speed increased, it was difficult to operate because of the greater noise and the lower PDI (%) at the higher rotation speed of the pellet molding rotor. It was found that the best production of pellets using the prototype was 536 kg/h having a PDI of 94.2% or more at a rotation speed of 135 rpm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1327-1334
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• 2015

The current study determined the apparent or standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AID or SID of AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing three protein feedstuffs with different fiber characteristics at two dietary crude protein (CP) levels. Twenty boars ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) with average initial body weight of $35({\pm}2.6)kg$ were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. These pigs were offered six diets containing soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn-DDGS) that were either adequate (19%) or marginal (15%) in CP using a triplicated $6{\times}2$ Youden Square Design. Except for Met, Trp, Cys, and Pro, AID of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet. Apparent ileal digestibility for Gly and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the corn-DDGS diet. The AID of Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. Standardized ileal digestibility of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet for all AA except Trp and Pro. The SID of Ile, Leu, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. It was concluded that protein feedstuff affects ileal AA digestibility and is closely related to dietary fiber characteristics, and a 4-percentage unit reduction in dietary CP had no effect on ileal AA digestibility in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2012

The role of moisture absorptive capacity of pre-silage material and its relationship with silage effluent in high moisture by-product feedstuffs (HMBF) is assessed. The term water retention capacity which is sometimes used in explaining the rate of effluent control in ensilage may be inadequate, since it accounts exclusively for the capacity of an absorbent incorporated into a pre-silage material prior to ensiling, without consideration to how much the pre-silage material can release. A new terminology, 'potential water retention capacity' (PWRC), which attempts to address this shortcoming, is proposed. Data were pooled from a series of experiments conducted separately over a period of five years using laboratory silos with four categories of agro by-products (n = 27) with differing moisture contents (highest 96.9%, lowest 78.1% in fresh matter, respectively), and their silages (n = 81). These were from a vegetable source (Daikon, Raphanus sativus), a root tuber source (potato pulp), a fruit source (apple pomace) and a cereal source (brewer's grain), respectively. The pre-silage materials were adjusted with dry in-silo absorbents consisting wheat straw, wheat or rice bran, beet pulp and bean stalks. The pooled mean for the moisture contents of all pre-silage materials was 78.3% (${\pm}10.3$). Silage effluent decreased (p<0.01), with increase in PWRC of pre-silage material. The theoretical moisture content and PWRC of pre-silage material necessary to stem effluent flow completely in HMBF silage was 69.1% and 82.9 g/100 g in fresh matter, respectively. The high correlation (r = 0.76) between PWRC of ensiled material and silage effluent indicated that the latter is an important factor in silage-effluent relationship.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.691-696
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (A, B, C, D, and E) from different suppliers for detecting aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$). $AFB_1$-free corn samples supplemented with different levels of $AFB_1$ (5, 10, and $20{\mu}g/kg$) were used as positive controls and 6 replicates of each control sample were tested to evaluate the accuracy and precision of these kits. In addition, we also evaluated the performance of these ELISA kits for $AFB_1$ in 30 feed samples, including corn, distillers dried grains with soluble, wheat samples, soybean meal, and poultry feed, which were verified by high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.18% to 16.22% in intra-plate and 2.85% to 18.04% in inter-plate for the determination of $AFB_1$. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for five kits ranged from 3.72 to $7.22{\mu}g/kg$. The quantitation limits of $AFB_1$ were all under the legal limit in China but somewhat inconsistent with kit instructions. Although the recovery rate of four of the five kits were either less than 90% or more than 110%, all these values were acceptable in practice. Two kits had high false positive rates (C and E). In conclusion, our results revealed that the qualities of five tested ELISA kits were significantly different.