• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to estimate primiparas' perceptions of their newborns and compare the changes of their perceptions related to feeding methods between the time I (post-partum 2nd-3rd day) and the time ll (post-partum 1st month). At the time Ⅰ, bottle-feeding method was 100% because mothers were separated from their babies. At the time Ⅱ, the methods of feeding were breast-feeding(29.7%), bottle-feeding(30.7%), mixed feeding(39.6%) .The subjects of this study were 101 primiparas. Data were collected between May to October 1994, using the Neonatal Perception Inventory devised by Broussard(1963) and added by Lee Ja Hyurg(1986) .The results of this study are as follows : 1. There was no significant difference of primiparas' perceptions of their newborns according to general characteristics. 1) The younger tended to estimate that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. 2) There was no difference of mothers' perceptions of their babies according to having a job or not. 3) The lower educated tended to estimate that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. 2. There were some changes of primiparas' perceptions of their babies related to feeding methods between the time I (post-partum 2nd-3rd day) and the time Ⅱ (post-partum 1st month).1) At the time Ⅰ, Breast-feeding mothers estimated that newborns were less capable, and perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of babies. But they showed positive perceptions at the time Ⅱ (P<0.05, p<0.1) 2) At the time Ⅰ, Bottle-feeding mothers tended to estimate that newborns were more capable, and perceived that it would be more easy for them to take care of babies. But they showed negative perceptions at the time Ⅱ 3) For breast-feeding mothers, positive-positive group was 53%, positive-negative group was 20%, negative-positive group was 10%, negative-negative group was 17%. For bottle-feeding mothers, positive-positive group was 55%, positive-negative group was 32%, negative-positive group was 10%, negative-negative group was 3%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.489-495
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the weaning practice of 198 infants in Taejon city in October, 1998. Information on infant feeding and weaning practices were obtained by interviewing mothers in gynecologist and pediatric clinics located in Taejon. The results obtained were as follows : In the survey 37.4% of the infants were breast-feeding, while 31.3% of them were bottle-feeding and 29.3% of them were mixed-feeding. The reason for bottled-feeding was due either to the lack of breast-milk secretion or motner’s job. The educational level of the mother and maternal job affected the feeding methods before weaning. Lower rates of breast-feeding were found among mothers witn a lover level of education. The breast-feeding rate was lower in full-time and part-time job worker groups than in housewife. There was no significant difference in the feeding methods according to family income. Among the subjects, 71.5% of infants began to be weaned within 7 months. The onset of weaning was delayed in the full-time worker group. There was no significant difference in the onset time of weaning according to feeding method, the educational level of the mother, and family income. 60.6% of infants received fruit juice and 29.6% of them received cereals for first-given-supplementary food. ‘For baby’s nutritional status’ was the most common motivation for the onset of weaning. Commercially prepared foods were used more than home-made food for supplementary food.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2014

Feeding behaviors of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and changing of their feeding behaviors were recorded and analyzed with an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) analysis against cyantraniliprole. The characteristic patterns of feeding behaviors investigated were as follows; NP (non probing), pathway phase waveform, waveform of feeding xylem. In results, B. tabaci did not almost feeding the phloem. And It was not appeared potential drop during recording time. It was predominantly indicated pathway activity waveform and waveform of xylem feeding. After treatment of cyantraniliprole with recommended concentrations to tomato plants, EPG waveforms were recorded during 3 hours. Cyantraniliprole treatment showed longer time to first feeding xylem than untreated (P=0.043). It was showed shorter duration of first feeding xylem than untreated (P=0.017). And it was showed longer NP (non-probing) time than untreated. Consequently, It was supposed that cyantraniliprole was effect of anti-feeding or avoidance to B. tabaci.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2014

We examined the effects of dietary nutrient content, feeding period, and feed allowance on compensatory growth, food use, chemical composition, and serum chemistry of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. We placed 720 juvenile fish into 24 400-L flow-through round tanks (30 fish per tank).A $2{\time}2{\time}2$ factorial design (diet: control (C) and high protein and lipid (HPL) ${\time}$ feeding period: 8 and 6 weeks ${\time}$ feed allowance: 100% and 90% of satiation) was applied. Fish were hand-fed twice daily, based on the designated feeding schedule. Weight gain and food consumption were affected by both the feeding period and feed allowance, but not by diet. The food efficiency ratio was not affected by diet, feeding period, or feed allowance, but the protein efficiency ratio and protein retention were affected by diet and feeding period, respectively. We found that the full compensatory growth of fish was not achieved at a restricted feeding allowance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 2006

A total of 120 male and 240 female quail (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) were used to determine the effect of feeding time on laying and reproductive performance of Pharaoh quail. They were fed ad libitum between 09:00 to 17:00 or full day, daily. Each female-male pair was housed in multiple-bird cages and colony cages. Initial and final body weight, quail-day egg production, feed consumption per egg and mortality were measured to determine laying performance of breeders. A total of 960 eggs were used to determine reproductive performance of quail in each treatment group. Eggs were incubated in a commercial setter and hatcher in standard conditions. Embryonic mortality, apparent fertility, hatchability of total and fertile eggs were calculated to determine the reproductive performance. Results indicated that feeding between 09:00 to 17:00 h reduced final body weight and egg production (p<0.001, p<0.001). Whereas, limited time of feeding improved hatchability of total (p<0.001) and fertile eggs (p<0.001) and reduced embryonic mortality (p<0.001) when compared with the effects of feeding full day. It was found that there were no significant differences for the egg production of quail housed in different cage systems. Quail caged in multiple-bird cages consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to quail housed in colony cages. There were significant differences for the mortality (p<0.05), hatchability of total (p<0.001) and fertile eggs (p<0.001), and embryonic mortality (p<0.001) during the incubation due to main effect of cage systems. There were significant cage $systems{\times}feeding$ time interactions for hatchability of total and fertile eggs and embryonic mortality (p<0.001). As a conclusion; feeding from 09:00 to 17:00 reduced laying performance of quail and improved the reproductive traits compared to full day feeding of quail breeders. But, further investigations are needed to determine the optimum length of feeding time and egg production of breeders in quail fed limited time must be evaluated in comparison with its beneficial or detrimental effects.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.382-392
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate breast-feeding and breast-feeding health behavior among korean first-time mothers and to provide basic data for promoting breast- feeding. Data were collected by interview or self report from 444 first-time mothers who visited health clinic center in the area of metropolitan, medium or small city, countryside. and whose infants were under 12 months old from January 2001 to February 2001. The results show that breast-feeding was 31.5% in a week after childbirth, 25.8% in 4 weeks after childbirth, 22.7% in 2 months, 17.8% in 3 months, 14.3% in 6 months, 2.5% in 12 months after childbirth. Breast-feeding rate was very low in Korea and the duration of breast-feeding was very short. Breast-feeding health behavior did not show significant differences by general characteristics of the subjects except area. The subjects in the health clinic center with MCN project did better breast feeding health behavior than the subject in the health clinic center without MCN project. To raise breast-feeding rate, several strategy could be suggested. Systemic education about importance and advantages of breast-feeding and desirable breast-feeding method should be provided to pregnant women and postpartum women. Childbirth leave in the work should be prolonged, and supportive facility such as nursery room should be installed for working mothers. Hospitals should follow the guideline of 'Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative' which was provided by UNISEF and WHO, including rooming-in after delivery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 1992

To determine the effect of time after feeding on distribution of particle size of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, 16 sheep given orchardgrass first cut hay were slaughtered at 2, 8, 16 and 24 hours after feeding and digesta in diverse sites of the tract were sieved into four fractions of particle size larger than $1180{\mu}m$, 300-1180, 45-300 and less than 45. Following results were obtained: 1) In the reticulo-rumen, the proportion of particles larger than $1180{\mu}m$ decreased with the time after feeding, while the other particle size fractions did not change with time after feeding. 2) In the post-ruminal alimentary tract, the proportion of particles larger than $1180{\mu}m$ was significantly smaller than that in the reticulo-rumen and distribution of fractions of every particle size stayed consistently at about the same level irrespective of the time after feeding. 3) In the cecum, the fraction of particle size less than $45{\mu}m$ appeared to be selectively retained when the passage rate was considered.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.61-79
• /
• 2000

This study to study and analyze the current state of infancy breast-feeding ＆ practice and related factors and to provide basic data for the effective practice of breast-feeding and breast-feeding percentage improvement. For the object, 474 mothers of the infants who were born between Jan. 1, 1998 and Dec. 31, 1998 were selected, and the survey period ＆ method were from Oct. 15, 1999 through Nov. 14, 1999 (1 month period) and telephone interview, respectively. To examine by month breast-feeding type, the average breast-feeding percentage in 1 month after a child's birth was 42.4%, but after 6 month it decreased to 23.0%. To see breast-feeding percentage by academic background, the breast-feeding of elementary school graduated mothers was 33.3%, which was highest, and it decreased as the academic background of mothers went better (p〈0.01). By employment state, the percentage for the mothers who were not employed was higher (24.6%) than that of those who were employed at the time, which was 8.0% (p〈0.001). There was no meaningful difference found in breast-feeding percentage by infant mothers age, delivery place, infant sex, child order in family, weight at the time of birth. To examine breast-feeding percentage by delivery method, natural delivery was 27.0% which was higher than 13.1% of Caesarean section (p〈0.01), and by breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital, 35.6% of those who have breast-fed were breast-feeding while it was 16.4% for those who never did it while in the hospital (p〈0.001). After conducting logistics multi return analysis having breast-feeding percentage as a variable at the time of 6 months after babys birth, I found that infant mothers employment state, delivery method, and breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital become meaningful variables. As unemployed mothers (p〈0.05), as chose natural delivery (p〈0.05), as experienced breast-feeding before leaving the hospital (p〈0.001), there was more tendency to do breast-feeding. Summing the above results, I would like to suggest the following to raise breast-feeding percentage. Firstly, systematic education about the importance and advantages of breast-feeding and correct breast-feeding method should be practised for women. Secondly, vacation before and after childbirth for working women should be practised and the support of systems for working womens breast-feeding such as installation of nursery in work place are needed. Thirdly, continuous publicity and education for natural delivery inducement is necessary, and for the ones who chose Caesarean section, recommendation of breast-feeding is also needed. Fourth, for breast-feeding within fastest time after delivery, rooming-in required and legal and systematic support is also needed. Lastly, in the governmental level, publicity for breast-feeding and breast-feeding recommending programs that promotes 10 rules for successful breast-feeding bringing-up, provided by UNISEF and WHO, are to be provided.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 1999

Methods of discharging each graded agricultural product are divided into two according to the type of feeding. One is based on feeding objects using a series of specially designed holders mounted with an equal interval. The other is randomly feeding objects while being isolated without a specific interval. In this paper, a real time simultaneous discharge algorithm, which is good for objects randomly fed individually and for multi-objects located along a series of discharge buckets, was developed. And the developed algorithm was implemented to the controller and the performance was verified using the system developed for dried mushrooms. The discharge system used for the experiment was composed of a variable speed conveyor, a series of double channel bucket mounted along both sides of the conveyor, and a series of air nozzles and optic sensors. Developed algorithm worked perfectly and could be directly used for automatic discharge system for randomly feeding agricultural products.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 1993.10a
• /
• pp.791-800
• /
• 1993

Liquid feeding of hogs can be controlled by using feed-level-sensors in the troughs. In this way restricted feeding with computer control of the eating time is possible. For this purpose the feed supplied is adjusted according to the eating time of the previously fed portion. With ad libitum feeding the same sensors can provide for a clean trough once a day and thus help to overcome sanitary problems. The effect of the feeding systems on daily intake and performance of hogs are dealt with.