• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 2022

Two long-term feeding trials were conducted to compare the effects on survival and growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus of experimental diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles, Squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea liver meal, and brown fish meal with a commercial die. In both first and second trials, two experimental diets and one commercial diet were assessed. After a 45-week feeding period in trial 1, survival did not differ significantly among groups. The final mean weight of sea cucumbers fed either experimental diet was significantly higher than that of sea cucumbers fed the commercial diet. After a 15-week feeding period in trial 2, survival and final mean weight of sea cucumbers fed either experimental practical diets was significantly higher than that of sea cucumbers fed the commercial diet. It was concluded that the experimental diets formulations can be used as a practical diet, and inclusion of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, squid liver meal, and brown fish meal can improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumbers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in dairy products has been a research Interest due to the potential health benefits resulted from consuming CLA. Attempts were made to obtain high level natural CLA containing fatty acid fractions from milk fat through bovine feeding of sunflower oil (SO) and urea fractionation. SO feeding changed the fatty acid profile of milk fat. increasing the CLA content five-fold at eight weeks of trial. Milk fat obtained from S0-fed cows was hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, which were then fractionated with urea at various ratios. The profiles of fatty acids were also greatly influenced by urea fractionation. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, Including CLA, were concentrated in milk fat after the fractionation, whereas saturated long-chain counterparts were eliminated. The highest level of CLA was achieved by the fractionation at 2:1 urea/fatty acid ratio (UFR2). CLA level was elevated 2.5-fold, and the Cl8:1/C18:0 fatty acid ratio was increased 120 times after the fractionation. The level of CLA in high CLA-milk fat (24mg/g fat) obtained from the feeding study was further increased through urea fractionation up to 52mg/g fat, 10 folds as high as CLA in the control milk fat (5mg/g fat).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.468-473
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• 2019

A $2{\times}4$ factorial feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of feed type and feeding frequency on the performance of sub-adult starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. Two feed types, sinking pellets (SP) and floating pellets (FP), were given to 480 fish housed in tanks. Triplicate groups of fish were fed each feed type at one of four feeding frequencies (one meal every two days, one meal per day, two meals per day, and three meals per day) for nine weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish were affected by feeding frequency. However, WG and SGR were the same in fish fed SP at two and three meals per day; similarly, there was no difference in WG or SGR of fish fed FP at one meal, two meals, or three meals per day. Feed utilization of fish was affected by both feed type and feeding frequency. These findings suggest that two meals per day of the SP or one meal per day of FP are sufficient for optimum growth performance of sub-adult starry flounder.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

A feeding trial of two feeding rate (satiation and $80\%$ satiation) $\times$ four feeding frequency (three meals a day, two meals a day, one meal a day and one meal every two days) factorial design with three replications was carried out to investigate the optimum feeding frequency and rate for growth of flounder during the winter season. Juvenile flounder averaging 45 g were fed a extruded pellet for 60 days. Weight gain was affected by both feeding frequency (P<0.001) and feeding rate (P<0.01). The best weight gain obtained from fish fed two meals a day with satiation was not different from that of fish fed three meals a day with satiation and $80\%$ satiation. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the diet three times daily were the highest among groups, but not different to other groups of fish except for one meal every two days with satiation and $80\%$ satiation feeding. Daily feed intake was affected by both feeding frequency and feeding rate (P<0.001), these values of fish fed two and three meals a day with satiation were the highest among the groups. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of fish were not affected by both feeding frequency and feeding rate (P>0.05). The results of this study indicate that the optimum feeding frequency for the growth of juvenile flounder grown from 45 g to 53 g is two meals a day with satiation feeding during the winter season.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2008

A 6 and 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine optimal feeding rate for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus during the low temperature season. To estimate the optimal feeding rate calculated by weight growth rate, one year (mean body weight: 62.7 g) and the two year old parrot fish (mean body weight: 344.7 g) were stocked under low water temperature conditions. The optimal feeding rates in low water temperature condition of $15^{\circ}C$ were calculated as 1.61% of body weight (90% of satiation level) for the one year of 62 g, and calculated as 0.28% of body weight (80% of satiation level) for the two years old fish.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.105-110
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• 2021

The pig ICT automatic feeder is capable of automatically feeding feed, etc. according to the set conditions. However, there is a disadvantage that the setting condition itself must depend on the user's experience. Therefore, trial and error is caused, and there is a problem that the efficiency is lowered. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system and implement a service model that can improve pig productivity by suggesting optimal feeding setting conditions based on data. Therefore, in this paper, a pig feeding management service model was developed using the performance analysis program such as the existing feeding data, breeding management data, and pig production management system. Through this, we developed a consumer-oriented feed management service model that can be efficiently utilized by analyzing pig data. In addition, it is possible to provide a service that contributes to a decrease in the mortality rate and an increase in the MSY of the farms with the intelligent automatic feeding management service, thereby improving the productivity of the pig farms and thereby increasing the income of the pig farms.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 2005

A feeding trial of two extruded pellets (EPI, 45% crude protein with 7% crude lipid and EP2, 47% crude protein with 10% crude lipid)${\times}$ two satiation rates (satiation and 80% satiation)${\times}$ three feeding frequencies (three, two and one meal a day) factorial design with three replications was carried out to investigate the optimum feeding frequency and satiation rate for growth of juvenile flounder. Flounder averaging 55 g were fed a extruded pellets for 58 days. Daily feed intake was affected by dietary composition, feeding frequency and satiation rate (P<0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the EP1 and EP2 was not affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency (P>0.05), but affected by feeding satiation rate (P<0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the each of EP1 and EP2 twice daily with satiation was the highest among treatments, but was not significantly different to that of fish fed the diets three times daily with satiation feeding. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of the fish were not affected by dietary composition, feeding frequency and satiation rate (P>0.05). Moisture, crude protein and crude lipid contents of the muscle of fish were affected by satiation rate. Moisture and crude protein contents of the liver were affected by dietary composition. Based on fish performance results, it can be concluded that the proper feeding frequency for the growth of juvenile flounder grown from 55 g to 90 g is two meals a day with satiation feeding, regardless of dietary composition used in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.478-482
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• 2000

Whole cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) crop was harvested about 10-15 cm above ground at 3 months after planting and sun dried for 1-3 days or until the leaves were crispy-dried and the branches and stems were mostly wilted to produce cassava hay. Cassava hay (CH) contained 86.3% DM, 8.9% ash, 23.6% CP, 44.3% NDF, 30.0% ADF, 5.8% ADL, 0.257% condensed tannin and 0.35 mg % HCN, respectively. In addition, CH contained relatively higher amino acid than alfalfa hay especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine. Ruminal fermentation of CH resulted in high concentrations of $C_2$, $C_3$, and $C_4$ at 72, 17 and 7 mol/100 mole, respectively. A feeding trial was conducted to study on effect of feeding of cassava hay in late lactating dairy cows fed on urea-treated rice straw during the dry season on their intake, ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, milk yield and compositions. Thirty, Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in their first lactation were randomly assigned in a randomized complete block design to receive five different dietary treatments: T1=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T2=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2+0.56 kg DM, T3=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3+1.3 kg DM CH, T4=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:4+1.70 kg DM CH, T5=CH fed on ad libitum+small concentrate supplement. All cows received urea-treated rice straw as a roughage source throughout a 80 d feeding trial. The experiment revealed that cassava hay contained high level of protein and minimal level of tannin at 3 months of harvest. Tannin intake ranged from 1.44 to 13.36 g/hd/d and did not affect on urea-treated rice straw intake. Milk yield across treatments were similar (5.4-6.3 kg/hd/d) (p>0.05) but 3.5% FCM was highest in cows received CH at 1.70 kg/hd/d. Feeding of cassava hay resulted in increasing milk fat (4.0 to 4.6%) (p<0.05) and milk protein (3.8 to 5.3%) (p<0.05). Moreover, the use of CH could reduce concentrate supplementation to milk yield from 1:2 to 1:4, respectively, thus resulted in more milk income return.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.869-879
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid source and level on growth performance, blood parameters, fatty acid composition and flesh quality of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 5% squid liver oil (SLO), 5% linseed oil (LO), 5% soybean oil (SO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 2% linseed oil and 2% soybean oil (MIX), no lipid supplementation with high protein level (LL-HP), 10% squid liver oil (HL-SLO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 4.5% linseed oil and 4.5% soybean oil (HL-VO), and 1% squid liver oil with high starch level (LL-HC), respectively. Two replicate groups of fish (average initial weight of 296 g) were fed the diets for 17 wks. After 5 wks, 11 wks and the end of the feeding trial, five fish from each tank were randomly sampled for analysis of body composition. At the end of the feeding trial, final mean weight of fish fed the LL-HP diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL-VO diet, but did not differ significantly from those of fish fed the SLO, LO, SO, MIX, HL-SLO and LL-HC diets. Fish fed the LL-HP diet showed significantly higher feed efficiency than fish fed the LO, HL-SLO and HL-VO diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the LO, SO and MIX diets were similar to those of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets. Fish fed the HL-SLO diet showed significantly higher total cholesterol content in plasma compared with other diets. Fatty acid composition of tissues was reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. The highest linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) contents in the dorsal muscle were observed in fish fed the SO and LO diets, respectively, regardless of feeding period. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in the dorsal muscle was observed in fish fed the LL-HP and LL-HC diets after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets showed higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than that of other treatments after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Dietary inclusion of vegetable oils reduced n-3 HUFA contents in the dorsal muscle and liver of fish. The n-3 HUFA contents in tissues of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets were higher than those of fish fed other diets, except for the LL-HP and LL-HC diets. Hardness, gel strength, chewiness and cohesiveness values of dorsal muscle in fish were significantly affected by dietary lipid source. The results of this study indicate that fish oil in fish meal based diets for sub-adult olive flounder could be replaced by soybean oil and linseed oil without negative effects on growth and feed utilization.