• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.6
• /
• pp.525-532
• /
• 2011

Insufficient pre-slaughter fasting leaves serious amount of feed-like contents (designated here as un-fasted stomach spent feed, USSF) in the eviscerated pig stomach. This study was intended to evoke economical and environmental seriousness of USSF discharge by estimating its value as pig feed. For finishing pigs feeding trial, three levels (0, 5, and 10%) of USSF were blended with pig feed to prepare control and two treatment diets, respectively. A total of 42 (21 males, 21 females) crossbred (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) finishing pigs weighing $81.5{\pm}8.0$ kg were employed to 28d feeding trial and in vivo digestibility trial by $Cr_2O_3$ indicator method with 7 males and 7 female pigs per treatment. In vitro total tract digestion of USSF showed 70.5% and 57.6% of DM and OM digestibilities, respectively which were poorer (p<0.05) than those of pig diet. There were no differences in body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments although 10% USSF substitution exerted relatively poor performance. In vivo apparent digestibilities of diets containing USSF 5% and 10% were lower (p<0.05) than that of 100% pig feed. There were no differences (p>0.05) in dressing percentage and carcass grade among treatments. Results of this study showed that 5% USSF substitution in finishing pigs diet did not exert any disadvantage in terms of production performance and carcass grade. This study implied that un-fasted slaughter causing excessive excretion of USSF should be avoided. If not avoidable, the USSF should not be wasted in abattoir but could be recycled as pig feed.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.238-247
• /
• 2023

Objective: Recently, indigenous Korean grass Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQ) has garnered much interest as a roughage source for livestock to mitigate its adverse effects on habitat diversity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation, palatability, and nutrient digestibility of SQ for Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo) using in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo feeding trials. Methods: Using in vitro tests with rumen fluid as the inoculum for 48 h, ruminal fermentation of SQ was evaluated and compared with that of other roughage sources commonly used in Korea (i.e., rice straw, Timothy hay, and Italian ryegrass [IRG]). Additionally, an in situ trial 96 h was performed using three cannulated Hanwoo steers. Further, an in vivo trial was performed using eight Hanwoo steers to compare the palatability of SQ with rice straw in total mixed ration (TMR) and forage-concentrate separate feeding conditions. Finally, an in vivo digestibility trial of SQ fed as TMR of two particle sizes was performed with four Hanwoo steers. Results: In vitro and in situ trials revealed that SQ was comparable or superior to rice straw in terms of the ruminal fermentation characteristics of pH, gas production, total volatile fatty acid content, and effective ruminal dry matter digestibility (DMD), although its fermentability was lower than that of Timothy hay and IRG. In the palatability test, steers showed a greater preference for SQ when given as TMR. The total tract DMD of SQ fed as TMR was 75.9%±1.37%, and it did not differ by particle size. Conclusion: The feed value of SQ as a roughage source for Hanwoo steers is comparable or superior to that of rice straw, particularly when provided as TMR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.1260-1265
• /
• 2004

This research was conducted to compare the effects of vitamin E (VE) when supplemented in either feed or water on the performance and meat quality of broilers. For a six-week feeding trial, a total of 330 broiler chicks were allotted to five treatments. The treatments were 1) 0 ppm VE, 2) 10 ppm VE in feed, 3) 20 ppm VE in feed, 4) 5 ppm VE in water and 5) 10 ppm VE in water. During the starter phase (0-3 weeks) chicks on non-supplemented groups grew slower (p<0.05) than the supplemented ones and the same trend was followed during the finisher (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks). The feed intake was significantly higher in feed supplemented groups as compared with water-supplemented groups and at higher levels as compared with lower levels of supplementation. The nutrient digestibility studies conducted after 15 and 35 days on the feeding trial showed that the digestibility of all nutrients was significantly (p<0.05) higher in supplemented groups than the non-supplemented one. The dressing percentage was higher in supplemented groups, when fed in feed and at higher levels when compared with their respective counterparts. Similar trends were noticed with respect to bone resistance. The calcium and phosphorus contents in tibia were also significantly (p<0.05) higher in supplemented, feed fed groups at higher levels than other groups. The TBARS values measured after 5 and 10 days of storage, which reflect the degree of oxidation, showed significantly lower levels in supplemented diets. The plasma and muscle vitamin E levels also showed a positive linear correlation with the levels supplemented both in feed and water. Overall it can be inferred that supplementation of VE was beneficial and there was not much difference observed when fed either in feed or water at the levels measured in the present study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.248-252
• /
• 2008

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary supplementation with wood vinegar (WV) as a feed additive for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets supplemented with 0(control), 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0% WV/kg diet($WV_0,\;WV_{0.01},\;WV_{0.025},\;WV_{0.05},\;WV_{0.1},\;WV_{0.25},\;WV_{0.5},\;and\;WV_{2.0}$, respectively) were prepared by mixing with basal diet. After the 6-week feeding trial, fish fed the $WV_{0.1}$ diet had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate than those of fish fed the other diets(P<0.05). No mortality was observed in the treatment groups fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. The liver antioxidant activity of fish fed the $WV_{0.01},\;WV_{0.025},\;and\;WV_{0.05}$ diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. The lysozyme activity of fish fed the $WV_{0.25}$ diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Fish fed diets supplemented with WV had significantly lower cumulative mortality than that of fish fed the control diet throughout the challenge test, and fish fed the $WV_{0.05}\;and\;WV_{0.1}$ diets had the highest resistance to disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda at day 7 of the challenge test. Therefore, feeding 0.05-0.1% WV/kg diet improves the growth and immune responses of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.19-22
• /
• 2000

Twenty male crossbred calves of about one year of age (average body weight, 196 kg) were distributed in four equal groups following complete randomized design. Wheat bran was supplemented to four different combinations of wheat straw and green fodder (Sorghum vulgare) at 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 10:90 ratios (on as fed basis) for the feeding of animals in Group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The feeding trial was continued for a period of 70 days including one metabolism trial of 6 days collection of feed, faeces and urine sample to determine the intake and utilization of nutrients. The intakes (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of DM, TDN and CP were $93.0{\pm}1.8$, $55.5{\pm}1.1$ and $9.51{\pm}0.18$ in Group 1; $98.0{\pm}1.8$, $59.6{\pm}1.1$ and $10.33{\pm}0.19$ in Group 2; $98.1{\pm}2.4$, $60.5{\pm}1.5$ and $10.79{\pm}0.26$ in Group 3; and $97.7{\pm}1.7$, $59.1{\pm}1.0$ and $10.78{\pm}0.19$ in Group 4, respectively. The digestibility of nutrients did not differ significantly among the groups. Relatively higher nutrient intake and balances of nitrogen reflected non-significantly high her live weight gain in the later three groups (436, 439 and 464 g, respectively) as compared to Group 1 (400 g). The DM intake remained unchanged by increasing the proportion of green fodder beyond 20:80 ratio and thus was assessed to be satisfactory for optimum productivity in animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.678-684
• /
• 2011

A trial was performed to study the effects of feeding a diet containing solid-state fermentation rapeseed meal (FRSM) replaced soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and serum biochemistry parameters of ducks and then to determine the appropriate proportion of soybean meal replacement. The 75% rapeseed meal and 25% blood meal were mixed and inoculated with the Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. Over the 21-day fermentation, isothiocyanates were reduced from 72.7 to 14.1 mmol/kg. A total of 1,280 fifteen-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, 4 replicate groups of 80 ducks each for a 30-day feeding trial. In four treatment groups, fermentation rapeseed meal replaced soybean meal at 0, 33, 67 or 100%, respectively. Results showed that feed intake of ducks fed 100% FRSM was greater (p<0.05) than SBM and partial FRSM in both the finishing period (31-45 d) and entire feeding period (15-45 d). Daily gain increased gradually in the three treatment groups with augmenting FRSM over in the whole study period. In the growing period (15-30 d), compared with the SBM group, phosphorus and calcium content in serum from the FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Total protein concentration was lower in ducks fed 100% FRSM than SBM and 33% FRSM (p<0.05). Concentrations of IgM were dramatically higher for animals fed 100% FRSM than in the SBM, 33% FRSM and 67% FRSM groups. In the finishing trail stage (31-45 d), only serum IgG content in 100% FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Therefore, rapeseed meal fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis is a promising alternative protein source and fermented rapeseed meal can completely replace soybean meal in duck diet and potentially reduce the cost of duck production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.7
• /
• pp.940-945
• /
• 2011

In order to determine whether oxalate from grasses affects feed intake, blood calcium (Ca) and other blood parameters of adult sheep, two feeding trials were conducted. In Trial 1, one group of sheep received guineagrass (0.47% soluble oxalate) and another group received setaria (1.34% soluble oxalate) for 28 d. In Trial 2, one group of sheep received guineagrass while another group received the same grass treated with an oxalic acid solution (at a rate of 30 g oxalic acid/kg dry matter of hay) for 72 d. All sheep received concentrate mixtures (0.5% of body weight) throughout the experiment. In both trials, it was observed that plasma Ca concentration (11.0-11.7 mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.05) lower in sheep fed high oxalate-containing grasses than in sheep fed low oxalate-containing grasses (12.4-13.7 mg/dl). No differences (p>0.05) were observed in concentrations of magnesium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone in plasma between the feeding of low and high oxalate-containing grasses. In addition, no differences (p>0.05) were observed in roughage dry mater (DM) intake, total DM intake or body weight of sheep. This study suggests that sheep may consume oxalate-rich forage, but Ca bioavailability may decrease with increasing oxalate levels in the ration.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2010

The applicability of electronic nose was tested to detect lipid peroxidation in chickens and to measure antioxidant effect of astaxanthin in chicken carcasses. Two sources of astaxanthin were fed to 62-wk-old spent laying hens to improve meat quality: natural astaxanthin (NA) from the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, and synthetic astaxanthin (SA) from chemical synthesis. One hundred forty four ISA Brown laying hens were used in a 6-wk feeding trial. Three treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), SA (100 mg astaxanthin/kg basal diet) and NA (50 mg astaxanthin/kg basal diet). The astaxanthin levels of SA and NA were set to give a similar degree of skin pigmentation. After 6-wk feeding of astaxanthin, the skins from NA and SA were discriminated from the control by electronic nose. However, electronic nose failed to distinguish between SA and NA skins after 6-wk feeding. The astaxanthin level differences between skins of SA and NA were not remarkable during the 6-wk trial. The lipid peroxide formation in skin was significantly decreased by SA but not by NA. The antioxidation effect of SA was detected by electronic nose because SA skin was discriminated from others. NA was a better pigmentation agent than SA, but the reverse was true in antioxidation. Electronic nose is applicable for detecting astaxanthin in chicken, and meat off-flavor caused by lipid peroxidation during storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2002

A metabolism trial with four castrated male Brahman cattle, average body weight 320 kg, was conducted in order to determine the nutritive value of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) for the establishment of feeding strategy in the dry season in Northeast Thailand. Animals were subjected to the following four dietary treatments: Treatment 1; 100% of CSS, Treatment 2; 70% of CSS and 30% of commercial complete feed (TMR), Treatment 3; 40% of CSS and 60% of TMR, and Treatment 4; 100% of TMR. The average CP, ether extracts, nitrogen free extracts, crude fiber and ash contents of CSS were 2.0, 0.9, 79.0, 16.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Although the amount of feed given was approximately at maintenance level, animals in treatments 1 and 2 refused a part of feed. The metabolism trial revealed that total digestible nutrient and metabolizable energy contents of CSS were 61.5% and 9.04 MJ/kgDM, respectively, when it was properly supplemented with protein sources. Nutritive value of CSS was lowered when animals were given CSS solely. This was due to the large loss of energy into urine and methane. Voluntary intake of CSS in cattle was not enough to satisfy energy requirement for maintenance. The CSS can be used as a roughage for feeding cattle in the dry season with proper supplementation of protein and energy.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.118-126
• /
• 2010

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (1.1-5.6%) and vitamin E (70 and 400 mg/kg) on the growth and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of n-3 HUFA and vitamin E. Diets 1, 2 and 3 consist of 400 mg vitamin E/kg diet with graded levels of 1.1, 3.0, and 5.6% n-3 HUFA, respectively. Graded levels of n-3 HUFA (1.1, 3.0, and 4.0%) were added in diets 4, 5 and 6, respectively, containing 70 mg vitamin E/kg diet each. At the end of feeding trial, growth performance of rockfish was affected by neither dietary n-3 HUFA nor vitamin E levels. Feed efficiency and hepatosomatic index were slightly decreased (P<0.05) with increment of dietary n-3 HUFA at each dietary vitamin E level. Dietary vitamin E and n-3 HUFA levels did not affect proximate composition and vitamin E concentration in the dorsal muscle of rockfish. Liver moisture and crude protein contents positively related to dietary n-3 HUFA levels. Liver lipid content and hematocrit value were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by increasing dietary n-3 HUFA levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) concentrations in the dorsal muscle significantly correlated to dietary n-3 HUFA levels, except for fish fed the diet 6 containing 4% n-3 HUFA and 70 mg vitamin E/kg diet. EPA concentration in the dorsal muscle of fish fed the diet 6 was significantly lower than that of fish fed the diets 2, 3 and 5. The present findings suggest that feeding of diets containing excessive n-3 HUFA level with varying addition of vitamin E may alter fatty acid composition in the dorsal muscle, but do not affect growth of juvenile rockfish.