• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1580-1587
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• 2006

Several researchers have demonstrated that the rumen microbial community rapidly adapts to saponins and proposed interval feeding to prevent this rapid adaptation. An in vivo experiment was carried out to examine the effect of daily versus application every third day (interval feeding) of Sapindus rarak saponins (SE) on rumen fermentation end products, protozoal counts and nutrient digestibility. Thirty sheep were allocated into 5 groups. Sheep were fed daily or every third day with two levels of SE (0.48 and 0.72 g/kg body mass). One group received no saponin and served as control. All sheep received the same diet, a mixture of elephant grass and wheat pollard (65:35 w/w). Independent of the feeding regime and the level of inclusion, the addition of SE decreased protozoal counts and rumen ammonia concentrations (p<0.01). Microbial N supply and N retention were not affected by the high feeding regime. Daily feeding negatively influenced rumen xylanase and cellulase activity, but only when the high level of saponins was fed. However, these negative effects on rumen cell wall degradation were not reflected in decreasing total tract digestibility of the organic matter or the plant cell walls. Our results show that rumen microorganisms do not rapidly adapt to S. rarak saponins.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.658-664
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine a proper feeding regime for lactating Holstein cows during the warm season in Taiwan. In Feeding Trial, 21 lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted into three feeding regimes in a Completely Randomized Design. The feeding regimes were roughage fed ad libitum along with concentrate fed either twice daily (2C) or four times daily (4C), and total mixed ration (TMR) for 8 weeks. No significant differences among the three feeding regimes were found in body weight changes, and intakes in terms of dry matter, crude protein and net energy. For milk yield and 4% FCM yield, 4C were higher than the other two feeding regimes (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in milk compositions or differences noted in the yields of the respective milk components. TMR was worse than 2C and 4C (p<0.05) in milk production efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake per kg milk yield, crude protein intake per kg milk protein yield, as well as dry matter intake, net energy intake and crude protein intake per kg 4% FCM yield. Three ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows were randomly assigned into the same three feeding regimes in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square Design. No significant differences were found among the feeding regimes in ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of VFA, and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio (C$_2$/C$_3$). Taken all together, roughage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed four times daily was the better feeding regime for lactating cows during the warm season in Taiwan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.811-815
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• 2001

The study evaluated different synthetic and semisynthetic media for maximal recovery of rumen bacteria and expression of their antibacterial activity. Rumen Glucose Cellobiose Agar (RGCA) medium was found to be the best for recovery of rumen bacteria. However, L-10 medium was the best for expression of antibacterial activity of ruminal isolates followed by Easy, M-10, RGCA and M-98-5 medium. The present study recommends the use of L-10 medium as the medium of choice for screening of antibacterial activity of ruminal isolates. Comparative evaluation of bacterial counts on different dietary regimes indicated significant difference between different growth media on a specific diet and between diets on specific growth media within a species. However, there is no overall significant difference between total bacterial counts obtained from rumen liquor of cattle and buffalo with respect to either the feeding regime or growth media. Feeding straw based diet to the animal is the best for high recovery of rumen bacteria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.834-842
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was to evaluate the interplay of dietary lipid sources and feeding regime in the transition from sow milk to solid food of abruptly weaned piglets. Methods: Soon after weaning, 144 piglets were selected and were trained over a 15 day period to experience gradually reducing dietary fat content from 12% to 6% for lard (L), soybean oil (S), and coconut oil (C) and their feeding behavior and diet preference then tested in a behavior observation experiment. Another 324 weaned piglets were used in three consecutive feeding experiments to measure the effect of different dietary fats on performance and feed choice in the four weeks after abrupt weaning. The lipid sources were used as supplements in a 3% crude fat corn/soya basal diet, with 6% of each being included to form diets 9C, 9S, and 9L respectively, and their effects on performance measured. Combinations of these diets were then further compared in fixed blends or free choice selection experiments. Results: Piglets pre-trained to experience reducing lipid inclusion showed different subsequent preferences according to lipid source, with a preference for lard at 9%, soybean oil at 3%, and coconut oil at 6% inclusion rate (p<0.001). Following abrupt weaning, whilst after 4 weeks those fed 9C had the heaviest body weights (18.13 kg, p = 0.006). Piglets fed a fixed 1:1 blend of 9C+9S had a poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.80) than those fed a blend of 9C+9L (FCR = 1.4). The 9C and 9L combination groups showed better performance in both fixed blend and free choice feeding regimes. Conclusion: After abrupt weaning, they still have dependence on high oleic acid lipids as found in sow milk. A feeding regime offering free choice combination of lipids might give the possibility for piglets to cope better with the transition at weaning, but further research is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

Clearance rate and feeding of surf clam, Mactra veneriformis were determined for 5 different water temperature regime (5, 10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) and salinity regime (8, 14, 20, 26, 32 ‰) with small group ($86.62{\pm}7.10mm$ in shell length) and large group ($147.99{\pm}10.83mm$ in shell length). Clearance rate and feeding increased with water temperature up to $20^{\circ}C$, but rapidly decreased at $25^{\circ}C$. The minimal clearance rate and feedign was recorded at $5^{\circ}C$. surf clam showed low clearance rate and feeding at low salinity (below 20 ‰) and maximum values at high salinity (26-32 ‰).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1148-1156
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• 2011

Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed different diets with different feeding regime was compared. Four hundred fifty fish (twenty five fish per tank) were randomly distributed into 18 of 180 L flow-through tanks. Six treatments were prepared: fish were hand-fed with the control (C) diet to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 8 weeks (C-8W treatment); and other groups of fish were starved for 2 weeks and then fed with the C, high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high lipid (HL), and combined protein, carbohydrate and lipid (CPCL) diets to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 6 weeks, referred to as C-6W, HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W, and CPCL-6W treatments, respectively. Final body weight of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in C-6W, but not different from that of fish in C-8W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Specific growth rate of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in all other treatments except for fish in CPCL-6W treatment. Feeding rate of fish in C-8W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments, but not different from that of fish in C-6W treatment. In addition, feeding rate of fish in C-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments were higher than those of fish in C-6W treatment. None of moisture, crude protein and ash content of the whole body of fish excluding the liver was different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and their combination could improve compensatory growth of fish when fish were fed for 6 weeks after 2-week feed deprivation; especially, supplementation of dietary protein was the most effective to improve compensatory growth of fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 1996

The vibratory bowl feeder is the most versatile of all hopper feeding devices for small engineering parts, and the typical nonlinear dynamic system experiencing repeated impacts with friction. We model and analyze the dynamic behavior of a single part on the vibrating track of the bowl feeder. While the previous studies are restricted to the sliding regime, we focus our analysis on the hopping regime where the high conveying rate is available. We present the numerical analysis results for conveying rate and frictional impact process both in periodic and chaotic regimes. We examined the dynamic effects from the variation of several physical parameters, and presented the important features for the design of the vibratory bowl feeder. This research holds much potential for leverage over design problems of wide range of mechanisms and tools with repeated collisions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2009

Feeding regimens was investigated for the growth and survival rate of juvenile Maroon clownfish (Premnas biaculeatus) in order to establish a seed production technique for this fish. Three types of feeding regimens were used, and growth and survival were highest under the following regimen: rotifer from day 0, Artemia from day 4, copepod from day 9 and artificial food from day 15, respectively (P<0.05). The average body lengths of the larvae were $6.76{\pm}0.55\;mm$, $7.63{\pm}0.50\;mm$ and $7.33{\pm}0.43\;mm$ in the Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana and control treatments conducted with 3 larvae/L, respectively (P<0.05). There were significant differences in larval growth between the treatments and controls conducted with 6 larvae/L and 9 larvae/L, respectively (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between the N. oculata and I. galbana treatments (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in larval growth between the treatments at densities of 3-9 larvae/L (P>0.05). At highest density level, the larvae reared in I. galbana had the highest survival rate whereas survival was lowest in the control.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.611-618
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• 2016

A $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment was conducted to investigate effects of water temperature and feeding rate on growth and body composition of olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 118 g) fed a extruded pellet (55% protein and 4708 cal/g) to satiation and at restricted feeding rates of 0.25 and 0.4% body weight per day (BW/d) at the different water temperatures (13 and $18^{\circ}C$) for 9 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with increase in feeding rates at each temperature. Weight gain of fish fed to satiation was significantly higher at 18 than $13^{\circ}C$, whereas, that of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly or slightly lower at 18 than $13^{\circ}C$. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed to satiation were not significantly different between 13 and $18^{\circ}C$, but those of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly higher at 13 than $18^{\circ}C$. The major finding of this study is that satiation feeding is efficient for optimal growth and feed efficiency of grower oliver flounder (116-164 g) in suboptimal water temperatures. The maintenance feeding ration which is zero growth performance, were 0.30 and 0.41% BW/day at 13 and $18^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the restricted feeding regime, compromised growth of fish were worsen in higher water temperature ($18^{\circ}C$ vs. $13^{\circ}C$). It might be related to high metabolic rate of fish that spend more energy for maintenance metabolism. Based on these results, we suggest that a satiation feeding regime is recommended for a productive growth of grower olive flounder in the suboptimal temperature.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-59
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• 2007

Effect of dietary nutrient composition on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with different feeding strategy was determined. Twenty-five fish averaging 16 g were randomly distributed into 12, 180 L flow-through tank each. Four treatments in triplicates were prepared: fish were fed to satiation twice daily by the control diet for 8 weeks as the control group (Con) and fish were fed to satiation twice daily by the control and high nutrient diets for 6 weeks after 2-week fasting (2WS-6WFC, 2WS-6WFHN, respectively) and finally, fish were fed to satiation twice daily by the high nutrient diet for the consecutive 3 days after 4-day fasting for 8 weeks (4DS-3DFHN). No significant difference was found in either survival or weight gain of flounder among treatments. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) for fish in the 2WS-6WFHN treatment was significantly higher than that for fish in the Con and 2WS-6WFC treatments. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish in the 2WS-6WFHN and 4DS-3DFHN treatments was significantly higher than that of fish in the 2WS-6WFC treatment. In conclusion, manipulation of dietary nutrient composition and/or feeding strategy can effectively improve growth of juvenile olive flounder without growth retardation at restricted feeding regime.