• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develope a computer program to help with gross diagnosis of protein-energy balance and feeding management practice and with the prediction about the risk possibility of productive disease such as reproductive and metabolic disorders by evaluating fat, protein, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) from individual cow milk in dairy herd Somatic cell counts also represent the condition of udder health. The principal flow charts of this program was to check on herd management, sampling the composite milk, analysis the milk composition, conversion of data from milking equipment to program, input and analysis of data in program, and report. This program is compatible with window 95/98 system. The major analytical elements of this program were presented as; the profile of herd lactation curve analysis of the test-day milk production level, the distribution of somatic cell count, the fat to protein ratio to evaluate body energy balance, and the interpretation of dietary protein-energy balance by milk protein and MUN contents for individual cows. This program using milk fat, protein, MUN, and somatic cell counts will serve as a monitoring tool for the protein-energy balance and the feeding management practice, and for distribution of mastitis in individual cows. It will also be used to manage the nutritional and reproductive disorders and mastitis at the farm level.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.539-551
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 129 infants(boys 69, girls 60) fed formula, aged from 5 to 12 months. Subjects were divided into $5{\sim}6\;months,\;7{\sim}8\;months,\;9{\sim}10\;months,\;and\;11{\sim}12\;months$ by ages. Dietary assessment was carried out by using 24-hour-recall method. The average intakes and feeding frequency of infant formula were $702m{\ell}$, 4.4 times in boys and $815m{\ell}$, 4.8 times in girls, respectively. Supplemental foods were introduced at the age of $4{\sim}6\;months$ in 86% of the infants. Foods introduced first as the supplemental food were rice gruel soup, commercial weaning foods, fruit juice. Energy intakes were similar to RDA. Daily intakes of calcium at all age groups were higher than the RDA, therefore, calciun overnutrition were elucidated. Average intakes of protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C were above RDA, folate did not meet RDA of infants at all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods were lower in girls than in boys of $10{\sim}12$months, and folate status seemed to be poor. Therefore, mothers feeding infant formula to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental foods and its practice to support good nutrition.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of a direct breastfeeding program for premature infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted during August 2016 to April 2017. Sixty mothers of premature infants were assigned to the experimental (n = 31) or control groups (n = 29). The program was comprised of breastfeeding education and direct breastfeeding support. The experimental and control groups were provided with education and counseling on breastfeeding at the time of admission and discharge. In the experimental group, the mothers initiated oral feeding with direct breastfeeding and engaged in breastfeeding at least seven times during the NICU stay. The collected data were analyzed by the χ2-test and repeated measures ANOVA using an SPSS program. Results: The experimental group showed a higher direct breastfeeding practice rate (χ2 = 19.29, p < .001), breastfeeding continuation rate (χ2 = 3.76, p < .001), and self-efficacy (F = 25.37, p < .001) than the control group except for maternal attachment. Conclusion: The direct breastfeeding program in the NICU has significant effects on the practice and continuation rate of breastfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Therefore, this program can be applied in the NICU settings where direct breastfeeding is limited.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2022

본 연구는 어머니의 종합적 식사지도와 유아의 식생활 실천과의 관련성을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 서울과 경기 지역의 어린이집과 유치원에 재학 중인 만 3세부터 만 5세의 유아의 어머니 227명을 대상으로 CFPQ를 이용하여 어머니의 식사지도 내용을 조사하였으며, 유아의 영양지수 (NQ-P)를 측정하여 식생활 실천 정도를 평가하였다. 유아의 영양지수 중 균형 요인은 어머니의 종합적 식사지도의 모델링, 체중조절을 위한 섭취제한, 균형 및 다양성 권장, 음식강요 및 식사준비 참여와 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 유아의 영양지수의 절제 요인은 어머니의 종합적 식사지도의 모니터링, 모델링, 영양정보 전달, 균형 및 다양성 권장, 건강한 식생활 환경, 식사준비 참여와 양의 상관관계를, 정서조절, 음식보상, 아동통제와는 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 유아의 영양지수 환경 요인은 어머니의 종합적 식사지도 중 모니터링, 모델링, 영양정보 제공, 균형 및 다양성 권장, 건강한 식생활 환경, 식사준비 참여와 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 정서조절과는 음의 상관관계가 나타났다. 유아의 식생활 실천정도를 나타내는 지표인 영양지수 각 요인에 대한 어머니의 종합적 식사지도의 영향을 평가하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 영양지수 중 균형 요인을 양의 방향으로 유의하게 예측가능한 식사지도 항목은 체중조절을 위한 음식섭취제한, 음식강요, 식사준비 참여였다. 어머니의 식사지도 항목 중 영양지수 절제 요인에 대한 양적 연관성이 있는 요인은 균형 및 다양성 권장, 건강한 식생활 환경이었으며, 음적으로 연관성이 있는 요인은 음식보상, 아동통제였다. 또한 영양지수 환경 요인과 양적 연관성이 있는 어머니의 식사지도 항목은 모니터링, 건강한 식생활 환경이었다. 따라서 어머니는 자녀에게 모니터링, 모델링, 영양정보 전달, 균형 및 다양성 권장, 건강한 식생활 환경, 식사준비 참여와 같은 식사 지도를 실천하고, 정서조절, 음식으로 보상, 아동통제, 음식강요 와 같은 부정적인 식사지도 방법을 지양해야 할 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12-24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B$_6$, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.61-0.94) was significantly negative [E (the legit) : -6.8644+0.1712$\times$T-0.2337$\times$R+0.1641$\times$A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.296-308
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• 2022

본 연구는 어머니의 모델링이 유아의 식행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 아이와 어머니의 식사에 대한 행동을 조사하였다. 식행동검사는 아동 영역 58문항, 어머니 영역 20문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 2018년 4월부터 6월까지 어린이집 및 유치원 64개소, 총 1,103명을 조사하였다. 어머니의 식행동 및 식사 지도에 따른 자녀의 식행동을 살펴본 결과, 어머니의 식행동이 불규칙한 경우 자녀의 접근회피성, 과활동성, 불규칙성 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 또한 어머니가 까다로운 경우 자녀의 접근회피성과 감각예민성 점수가 유의하게 높았으며, 자기방임적인 식행동을 보이는 어머니에서 자녀의 과활동성 점수가 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 식사 시 관여도가 높을수록 자녀의 과활동성과 불규칙성 점수가 유의하게 낮았고, 식사 시 규제와 강요가 과할수록 자녀의 과활동성 점수가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 어머니의 모델링과 식사 지도 유형이 자녀의 식행동에 미치는 영향을 확인한 결과, 자녀의 접근회피성과 감각예민성에는 어머니의 까다로운 식행동과 규제·강요의 식사지도방식이 정적인 영향을 미치며, 자녀의 접근회피성은 어머니의 식사지도방식보다는 까다로운 식행동에 의해 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 과활동성에는 어머니의 불규칙하고 자기방임적인 식행동과 관심과 규제가 많은 식사 지도 방식이 정적인 영향을 미치며, 어머니의 모델링보다는 식사지도방식에 의해 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 조사되었다. 자녀의 불규칙성에는 어머니의 불규칙하고 까다로운 식행동과 과도한 관심과 규제가 많은 식사 지도 방식이 정적인 영향을 미치며, 식사 지도 방법보다 어머니의 불규칙하고 까다로운 식행동이 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과를 통해 유아의 올바른 성장과 식생활 형성을 위해서는 자녀가 어머니의 식행동을 모델링할 수 있도록 어머니의 자기 관리적이고 규칙적인 식생활을 통해 자녀들에게 모범을 보일 수 있도록 해야하며, 유아의 영양교육을 계획할 경우 반드시 어머니 교육을 병행하고 아이들의 식행동과 어머니의 식행동을 함께 고려한 맞춤형 솔루션 제공이 중요함을 확인하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2002

A survey was carried out to investigate the breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding rates ultra related factors among women in Seoul and the Chungbuk area, in order to obtain baseline data for the development of an education program on breastfeeding. Subjects included 671 lactating mothers who visited public health or pediatric centers, between December, 1999 and February, 2000 and were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results are as follows: In the breastfeeding knowledge, most of the subjects (93.4%) know correctly that 'breastfeeding is better for a baby's emotional development than formula feeding,'whereas only half of the subjects (51.7%) answered correctly the question on whether 'formula is more nutritious than breastmilk.'The breastfeeding rates were about 57%, 40%, 33% and 12%, respectively for baby's aged 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. These results showed that the breastfeeding rate rapidly decreased with the baby's age. Lower breastfeeding rates were associated with high educational level (college graduate and above), high income, mothers'employment, no experience of attending breastfeeding education programs, and no planning on breastfeeding prior to pregnancy. There was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and breastfeeding practice; the higher the knowledge score, the higher the breastfeeding rate. In conclusion, an education program should be developed and offered for each low breastfeeding rate group, in order to promote breastfeeding.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.170-178
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to develop a breastfeeding promotion program and to test effects of the program on levels of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk, and type of feeding in mothers with breast engorgement following cesarean birth. Methods: A non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants were 70 postpartum mothers who were admitted to a postpartum care center and experienced breast engorgement following cesarean birth. The planned nursing intervention was the breastfeeding promotion program consisting of breast massage and 1:1 breastfeeding education, counseling, and support focusing on individualized problem solving provided for 10 days. Fifty-three women completed the program (experimental group 26, control group, 27). Measurements were level of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk and type of feeding at pre and posttest. Results: Women who participated in the program experienced lower scores for breast discomfort, greater decrease in breast size, lower levels of sodium in breast milk, and practiced breastfeeding more than those in the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that this breastfeeding promotion program is effective in reducing breast engorgement and improving breastfeeding practices, and is therefore recommended to enhance breastfeeding promotion practice in postpartum care centers.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.232-241
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 온실재배 토마토에서 수분 상태를 고려한 정밀한 관개를 위하여 경직경의 변화에 근거한 자동관개 시스템을 구현하고자 하였으며 이와 같은 작물적 지표에 의한 관개제어시스템을 포트재배(closed feeding system) 조건과 포장재배 조건의 재배에 적용하여 토마토의 수량과 과실의 품질에 대하여 그 적합도를 평가하였다. 작물적 지표에 의한 관개 자동화를 위하여 경직경 측정 센서를 이용하여 측정한 경직경 일증가량(DI)를 관개 개시점의 결정에 이용하고, 동시에 이때의 관개량을 결정하기 위하여 토마토 증산모델을 적용한 마이크로 컴퓨터 자동관개 시스템을 구현하고 그 성능을 평가하였는데, 이 자동 관개 시스템을 이용하여 관개처리한 결과 포트재배에서는 토양수분에 의한 관개방식보다 수량 및 과실의 당도가 증가하였으나 포장조건에서는 관개방법간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 따라서 경직경 증가에 근거한 관개 개시점을 판단하고 관계량을 결정하는 증산모델을 사용하는 컴퓨터 시스템은 특히 closed feeding System에서 유용하며 토양조건에서는 토양의 상태, 작물의 반응 등을 고려하여 적용하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2015

Purpose: A mother's working environment is believed to be a major determinant of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice. We aimed to define the influence of a facility dedicated to breastfeeding and a breastfeeding support program at the workplace on breastfeeding practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in five workplaces. The inclusion criteria were female workers whose last child was between 6 and 36 months old. Observational data were obtained and a questionnaire was filled out. The World Health Organization definition for EBF was used. Results: Data from 186 subjects (74 office workers and 112 factory workers) were collected. Just over half (52%) of the mothers were between 20 and 46 years old, 75.3% had graduated from high school and university, 12.9% had more than two children and 36.0% owned a house. The prevalence of EBF during the last 6 months was 32.3%. A proper dedicated breastfeeding facility was available for 21.5% of the mothers, but only 7.5% had been in contact with a breastfeeding support program. The presence of a dedicated breastfeeding facility increased EBF practice almost threefold, by an odds ratio (OR) of 2.74 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.34-5.64 (p<0.05). Knowledge of the breastfeeding support program increased EBF practice by almost six times (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 1.78-19.79) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Governments should make it obligatory for employers to offer a breastfeeding support program and a dedicated breastfeeding facility at the workplace as these simple measures significantly increase EBF.