• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 2005

A trial was conducted to evaluate the level of wheat substituted for corn in a traditional corn-soy diet and the xylanase supplementation effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens. This experiment was a randomized design with a 4${\times}$2 factorial arrangement with four levels of wheat substitution and two levels of enzyme inclusion in the diet. Wheat replaced 0, 25, 50 or 100% corn with or without 1 g/kg xylanase supplementation in iso-nitrogenous and iso-calorific experimental diets. The results showed that in the growing period, broilers attained the highest (p<0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, and relative small intestine weight when wheat was substituted at 25% for corn. The relative caecum weight increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing levels of wheat substitution for corn. However, during the finishing period and entire experimental period from 0 to 6 weeks, no significant difference was shown in the growth performance among all treatments. Xylanase inclusion significantly improved the body weight gain, fat availability (p<0.01) and diet metabolisable energy (p<0.1) but decreased (p<0.05) the relative GI tract weight during the growing period. The digesta viscosity of 6-week old broilers was also decreased (p<0.05). It appears that wheat substituted for corn did not affect the growth performance, nutrient digestion, and the digesta viscosity of chickens. It is acceptable to completely substitute wheat for corn. Xylanase supplementation improved performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.637-647
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• 2019

Objective: The study aimed at quantifying seasonal and spatial variations in availability and nutritive value of herbaceous vegetation on native pastures and supplement feedstuffs for domestic ruminants in Western Kenya. Methods: Samples of herbaceous pasture vegetation (n = 75) and local supplement feedstuffs (n = 46) for cattle, sheep, and goats were collected in 20 villages of three geographic zones (Highlands, Mid-slopes, Lowlands) in Lower Nyando, Western Kenya, over four seasons of one year. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), gross energy (GE), and minerals were determined. Apparent total tract organic matter digestibility (dOM) was estimated from in vitro gas production and proximate nutrient concentrations or chemical composition alone using published prediction equations. Results: Nutrient, energy, and mineral concentrations were 52 to 168 g CA, 367 to 741 g NDF, 32 to 140 g CP, 6 to 45 g EE, 14.5 to 18.8 MJ GE, 7.0 to 54.2 g potassium, 0.01 to 0.47 g sodium, 136 to 1825 mg iron, and 0.07 to 0.52 mg selenium/kg DM. The dOM was 416 to 650 g/kg organic matter but differed depending on the estimation method. Nutritive value of pasture herbage was superior to most supplement feedstuffs, but its value strongly declined in the driest season. Biomass yields and concentrations of CP and potassium in pasture herbage were highest in the Highlands amongst the three zones. Conclusion: Availability and nutritive value of pasture herbage and supplement feedstuffs greatly vary between seasons and geographical zones, suggesting need for season- and region-specific feeding strategies. Local supplement feedstuffs partly compensate for nutritional deficiencies. However, equations to accurately predict dOM and improved knowledge on nutritional characteristics of tropical ruminant feedstuffs are needed to enhance livestock production in this and similar environments.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.294-294
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• 2022

In 2013, the Asian Development Bank classified the Philippines among the countries facing high food security risks. Evidence has suggested that climate change has affected agricultural productivity, and the effect of extreme climatic events notably drought has worsened each year. This had resulted in serious hydrological repercussions by limiting the timely water availability for the agriculture sector. Laguna is the 3^rd most populated province in the country, and it serves as one of the food baskets that feed the region and nearby provinces. In addition to climate change, population growth, rapid industrialization, and urban encroachment are also straining the delicate balance between water demand and supply. Studies have projected that the province will experience less rainfall and an increase in temperature, which could simultaneously affect water availability and crop yield. Hence, understanding the composite threat of climate change for crop yield and water consumption is imperative to devise mitigation plans and judicious use of water resources. The water footprint concept elaborates the water used per unit of crop yield production and it can approximate the dual impacts of climate change on water and agricultural production. In this study, the water footprint (WF) of six main crops produced in Laguna were estimated during 2010-2020 by following the methodology proposed by the Water Footprint Network. The result of this work gives importance to WF studies in a local setting which can be used as a comparison between different provinces as well as a piece of vital information to guide policy makers to adopt plans for crop-related use of water and food security in the Philippines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2004

Humic substances include several biological active and inactive compounds that are commonly used for improving soil fertility. Use of humic substances in swine diets is a novel concept. Humic substances contain 8,700 mg/kg of iron but its bioavailability is unknown. This study was conducted to test the bioavailability of iron in humic substances for nursery pigs. One hundred twenty five pigs (Newsham, Colorado Springs, CO) were not given supplemental iron while nursing for 21 d. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and allotted to one of five treatments (four control treatments with different levels of supplemented iron; 0, 30, 70 and 88 mg/kg from ${FeSO}_4$ and one treatment with 70 mg/kg iron from humic substances). Pigs were fed diets for 5 wk ad libitum and water was accessible freely. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from pigs on d 28 to measure the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. Pigs fed a diet with the humic substances grew faster (p<0.05) during the first week postweaning, but performance was not different during the entire 5 wk period. Feed intake and gain/feed were the same among treatments. The slope ratio technique was used to estimate relative iron bioavailability. The concentration of blood hemoglobin did not respond to dietary iron levels using this model. However, the number of red blood cells (106/$\mu$l) was modeled by 4.438+0.017${\times}$ 'ron (mg/kg) from ${FeSO}_4$'0.012${\times}$'ron (mg/kg) from the humic substances' Based on the comparison between the slopes (0.012 from humic substances and 0.017 from ${FeSO}_4$), iron in humic substances was 71% as available as the iron in ${FeSO}_4$. The slopes for dietary feed intake of ${FeSO}_4$ and the iron in humic substances did not differ (p>0.05). Humic substances can replace ${FeSO}_4$ as an alternative iron source for pigs at 71% relative bioavailability.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.193-198
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• 1997

부화부산물을 사료화하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 가압열처리한 육계 초생추와 난용계 수평아리 , 육계 사롱란 및 난용계 사롱란 등 4가지 부화부산물 사료의 화학적 조성과 생물학적 이용성을 조사하였다. 조지방함량은 모든 부산물사료에서 큰 차이가 없었으나, 조단백질함량은 초생추 부산물구들이 60.27∼62.59％로 사롱란구들의 39.24∼40.09％ 보다 높았으며, 조회분은 반대로 사롱란구들이 29.18∼34.49％로 초생추 부산물구들의 6.50∼6.71％ 보다 높았다. Ca 과 Mg 함량은 사롱란구들이 초생추 부산물구들 보다 높았다. P 함량은 초생추구들이 사롱란구보다 높은 경향이었으며, K Na Zn 함량은 초생추와 사롱란에서 모두 난용계가 육용계보다 높은 경향이었으나 P은 육용계가 난용계보다 높은 경향이었다. 아미노산의 총량은 초생추구들이 54.I5∼56.20％로 사롱란구들의 29.16∼31.45％ 보다 높았으며, 초생추와 사롱란에서 모두 난용계가 육계보다 높은 경향이었다. 아미노산이용율은 전반적으로 초생추구들이 사롱란구들 보다 높았으며, 초생추와 사롱란에서 모두 육용계가 난용계보다 높은 경향이었다. ME가는 전반적으로 초생추구들이 사롱란구들 보다 높게 측정되었다. 결론적으로 난용계 수평아리는 고단백질-고에너지 사료자원으로, 난용계 및 육계 사롱은 고단백질-고칼슘 사료자원으로 이용될수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

본 연구는 산림부산물과 국내 유기농부산물의 사료가치와 유기흑염소 생산에 기초적인 자료를 얻고자 산지 초지유형에 따른 흑염소의 사료 섭취량, 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 공시축은 한국재래흑염소이었으며, 사양 시험에서는 흑염소 40두를 4처리구(개량목초구, 유기목초구, 산야초구, 수엽류구)로 나누어 처리구당 10두씩, 소화율 시험에서는 처리구당 3두씩 완전임의 배치하여 시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 사양시험기간 동안의 총증체량과 일당증체량은 개량목초구, 유기목초구, 산야초구, 수엽류구 순으로 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 건물섭취량, 가소화 건물섭취량, 건물소화율 및 질소축적율은 개량목초구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 산림 부산물을 조사료원으로 이용하고 국내 유기농부산물을 보충사료로 급여하여 방목사육된 유기흑염소는 다소 생산성이 낮으나 안정성이 높기 때문에 육용보다는 약용형태의 소비가 바람직하다고 사료되며, 낮은 생산성을 높이기 위해선 보충사료에 추가적인 영양소 공급이 반드시 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.92-94
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• 2001

본 실험은 석탄재를 이용하여 합성한 인공제올라이트의 사료적 가치를 구명하기 위하여 천연 제올라이트와 동일한 수준으로 첨가 ·급여하여 육계의 생산성 및 장내 미생물, ND항체가등에 미치는 영향을 5주간 고찰하였다. 전기 3주 동안 사료내 조단백질은 21.5%, ME 3,100kcal/kg으로 하였고 후기에는 조단백질 19%, ME 3,100kcal/kg 수준으로 급여하였다. 처리구는 대조구(무처리구), 인공제올라이트와 천연제올라이트를 각각 1.5, 3.0%를 육계용 사료에 급여하였으며, 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 16수로 전체 320수를 공시하였다. 조사항목으로 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 측정하였으며, 장내 미생물, 혈중 콜레스테를 및 ND 항체가는 실험종료시에 측정하였고 영양소 이용율은 실험 종료후 대사실험을 통하여 측정하였다. 증체량은 NZ 처리구에서 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 대조구와 통계적인 차이가 없었고 AZ 3.0% 처리구는 대조구에 비하여 현저하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량은 처리구간에 차이가 없었으며 사료요구율은 AZ 3.0% 처리구에 비하여 NZ 3.0%가 현저하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 제올라이트가 육계의 장내 미생물에 미치는 영향은 대조구와 차이가 없었으며 혈중 총콜레스테롤은 NZ 처리구가 감소하였다(P<0.05). 또한 NZ 처리구는 조섬유 소화율이 다른 처리구에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과 인공제올라이트는 1.5% 급여구에서 대조구와 비슷한 결과를 얻었으므로 사료내 첨가수준은 1.5%로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2017

본 연구는 '태중'밀의 조사료로서의 이용성을 확인하기 위하여 사료가치와 사일리지 품질특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 태중밀의 출수기는 4월 27일이고, 영양보리나 청우밀보다 초장이 길고 장수형으로 이삭도 큰 편이며, 생초수량과 건물수량도 높다. 사료가치 면에서는 태중밀이 영양보리나 청우밀보다 조단백질 함량은 높았고, NDF와 ADF함량은 낮았으며, 가소화영양소함량은 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 발효품질 면에서는 태중밀의 pH는 4.2이었고, 유산함량은 청우밀 사일리지보다 낮고 영양보리 사일리지보다는 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 초산함량은 영양보리나 청우밀 사일리지보다 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였고(p<0.01), 낙산함량은 영양보리 사일리지 대비 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 최종 Flieg's score는 태중밀 사일리지가 1등급으로 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 경제성 분석에서도 영양보리와 청우밀 대비 소득이 향상되는 것으로 나타나, 태중밀은 담근먹이용 조사료로 충분히 이용 가능한 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-44
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• 2007

The callipyge mutation in sheep is a polar overdominant mutation that results in post-natal muscle hypertrophy in the loin and hindquarters of paternal heterozygotes (+/CLPG). Sheep that are homozygous for the callipyge allele (CLPG/CLPG) do not express the muscle hypertrophy phenotype, but serve as carriers for the mutation. Callipyge sheep are characterized by improved feed efficiencies and leaner carcasses. Leptin is a protein hormone secreted from adipose tissue and has been found to affect appetite and serve as an indicator of body fat mass. To date, very little knowledge is available as to the effect of the callipyge mutation on circulating leptin levels. Due to the interaction of leptin with feed intake and energy availability, and the fact that the majority of fetal growth occurs in late gestation, it is important to understand if the callipyge mutation interacts with leptin production in late gestational ewes. Therefore, our objective was to characterize serum concentrations of leptin in late gestational callipyge ewes vs. non-callipyge ewes. We evaluated genetically verified callipyge (n=6), homozygous (n=8) and normal (n=8) ewes weekly during the last eight wks of gestation through one wk post-partum. Weights were taken and body condition scores were assigned by trained personnel weekly. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on each sampling date and subjected to an ovine-specific leptin RIA. Genotype influences on peripheral concentrations of leptin were found to be highly significant (p=0.0005). Total leptin means for +/CLPG were 5.41${\pm}$0.40 ng/ml, CLPG/CLPG 8.11${\pm}$0.70 ng/ml, and +/+ 9.13${\pm}$0.93 ng/ml. Sampling date was also significant (p=0.0098) with all ewes showing a decrease in leptin levels throughout gestation and parturition. Using repeated measures, we were able to detect lower levels of plasma leptin in callipyge ewes, which may be indicative of their lower overall body fat content. These results indicate that the callipyge phenotype decreases the levels of adipose tissue and leptin production in gestating ewes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.979-985
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• 2001

Two experiments on commercial broiler chickens (3-37 d) and WL layers (252-364 d) were conducted to study the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (P) from different P supplements in comparison to tricalcium phosphate (TCP), at constant dietary calcium (Ca):P ratio. The P sources tested were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), steam sterilized bone meal (SSBM), commercial mineral mixture (CMM), phosphoric acid (PA) and a combination of CMM + PA. Fluorine (F) content in CMM and SSBM was 13.12 and 0.14 g/kg, respectively. In commercial broiler diets, DCP, SSBM or PA could be used as supplemental P sources without affecting (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, tibia ash and, P and Ca contents in tibia ash when compared to TCP. Severity of leg abnormality and deposition of F in bone were higher (p<0.05) in group fed CMM. P retention and serum inorganic P content was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in CMM fed birds compared to those fed TCP, SSBM, PA or CMM+PA. Among other P sources (TCP, SSBM, PA and CMM+PA) the serum inorganic P levels did not vary significantly (p<0.05). The P retention also significantly reduced in CMM fed groups compared to those fed DCP or PA. The P retention significantly increased from 0.183 to 0.216 units by supplementation of PA to CMM diet. In layers, egg production was not affected by replacing TCP with DCP, SSBM, PA or CMM+PA, but significantly (p<0.05) reduced with CMM. Feed (kg)/kg egg mass, egg weight, shell quality (shell weight and shell thickness) and serum Ca levels were not influenced by dietary variation in P source. The poor performance of both broilers and layers fed on CMM based diets could be attributed to the presence of hlgher levels of F (647.8 and 630.1 mg/kg, respectively) and low P utilization. Based on growth, bone mineralization and P retention it is concluded that DCP, SSBM or PA can be used as alternatives to TCP in broiler diets. In WL layer diets, in addition to above P sources, CMM can also be used as supplemental P source by replacing one half of P from CMM with PA without affecting egg production and shell quality.