• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.304-312
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 사료 내 총NDF 수준과 조사료에서 기인된 NDF 수준(fNDF)이 착유우에서의 영양소 섭취량과 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 분만우 36두를 대상으로 6개의 처리구를 나누어 $2{\times}3$ 요인실험으로 설계를 하였고, 각 처리구별 사료는 건물기준 NDF 38%에 1) fNDF 18%, 2) fNDF 15%, 3) fNDF 12% 와 건물기준 NDF 34%에 4) fNDF 18%, 5) fNDF 15%, 6) fNDF 12%로 구분하여 분만 후 3주부터 20주까지 급여하였으며 결과의 처리는 분만 4주부터 영양소 섭취량 및 산유성적을 분석하였다. 사료 내 총 NDF 함량과 fNDF 함량이 감소함에 따라 건물섭취량, NEl 섭취량 그리고 비구조탄수화물 섭취량이 유의적으로(p<0.01) 증가하였고, 통계적인 유의성은 없었으나 유생산량 또한 다소 증가하는 경향이었으며 유지방율은 감소하였다(p<0.01). 건물섭취량의 증가에 따른 NEl 섭취량의 증가가 유발되었고, NDF 섭취량은 감소하였음에도 불구하고 NDF 함량이 낮은 처리구와 높은 처리구간의 비교에서 유지방율에 대한 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 총 NDF와 조사료유래 NDF의 사료 내 함량변화는 유단백질율과 무지유고형분 함량에는 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 유단백질 함량과 무지유고형분 생산량에 있어서는 유량 증가에 의한 영향으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조사료유래 NDF 섭취량과 유지방율 간의 상관관계는 저수준 NDF 함량에서 고수준 NDF 함량보다 높게 나타났으며 유량과 영양소 섭취량간의 상관관계 또한 저수준의 NDF 처리구에서 고수준 처리구보다 높게 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2005

화강암으로부터 추출한 활성 광물질액이 육계의 생산성과 깔짚에서 암모니아 발생, 육계 혈액 성상 및 혈청 내 ND titer, 장내 미생물 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 5주 동안 육계 실험을 실시하였다. 960수의 갓 부화한 육계 병아리를 공시하였고 5처리 4반복으로 반복당 48수씩 배치하여 생산성 및 암모니아 발생에 대해 조사하였다(C; control, zeolite; control + zeolite $1\%$, AM10; control + 활성 미네랄수 $10\%$흡착 zeolite $1\%$, AM20 control + 활성 미네랄수 $20\%$ 흡착 zeolite $1\%$, AM30; control + 활성 미네랄수 $30\%$ 흡착 zeolite $1\%$). 또한 사양 시험과 동시에 48수의 육계 병아리들을 반복당 2수씩 6처리 4반복으로 배치하고 ND 백신을 접종하여 ND titer와 혈액 성상 및 장내 미생물 변화에 대해 조사하였다. 증체와 사료 섭취량, 사료 효율, 폐사율 등은 처리간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 그러나 증체량과 사료 섭취 량에서 AM30구가 처리구들 중에서 가장 높았는데 특히 4, 5주간의 증체량이 높았다. 사료 전환율(사료섭취량/증체량)에서 모든 처리구들이 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 폐사율은 모든 처리구들이 대조구보다 낮았다. 깔짚에서 암모니아 발생은 처리간에 고도의 유의적인 차이(P<0.01)가 있었는데 AM30 구가 가장 낮았다. ND titer는 모든 처리구들간에 유의한 차가 없었다. 혈액 성상에 있어서 처리구들간에는 유의한 차가 없었는데 평균 적혈구 헤모글로빈 농도(MCHC)에 있어서는 zeolite 구가 타 처리구들에 비해 유의하게(P<0.05) 낮았다. 장내 미생물 중에 Clostridium perfringens의 수는 모든 처리구들이 대조구보다 유의하게(P<0.01) 낮았고 Ercherichia coli의 수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. Lactobacilli의 수는AM30구가 대조구보다 유의하게(P<0.05) 높았다. 결론적으로 활성 미네랄수 $30\%$흡착 zeolite의 사료 내 첨가는 대조구에 비하여 육계의 증체율을 개선시키는 경향이 있었으며 깔짚에서 암모니아 가스 발생도 유의하게 감소시켰고 장내 Lactobacilli의 수를 유의하게 증가시켰다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.170-177
• /
• 1997

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different extrusion conditions of corn and soybean meal on physico-chemical properties, ileal digestibility of amino acid and growth performance in weaned pigs. In Expt. 1, to compare physico-chemical properties and ileal digestibility of extruded corn and soybean meal, ground corn (2 mm screen) and soybean meal were separately extruded in four different conditions: (1) no preconditioning, low water supply (3.0 l/min) (NCLW), (2) no preconditioning, high water supply (7.0 l/min) (NCHW). (3) preconditioning (steam 3.0 l/min) with low water supply (3.0 l/min) (CLW), and (4) preconditioning (steam 3.0 l/min) plus high water supply (7.0 l/min) (CHW). Twenty-five cannulated pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, 7.62 kg BW for soybean meal, 8.80 kg BW for corn) were employed to determine nutrients digestibility of the extruded feedstuffs. In Expt. 2, a total of 90 pogs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, 9.18 kg BW) were used for a 28 d feeding trial to compare growth performance of pigs as affected by different extrusion conditions. Before mixing, corn and soybean meal were blended and extruded by the same conditions as described in Expt. 1. corn extruded with NCLW showed the highest (p < 0.05) degree of gelatinization (DG), compared to the lowest values observed for NCHW. Extrusion of corn with preconditioning (CLW and CHW) increased (p < 0.05) the DG as compared to the extrusion condition of NCHW. Extruded SBM with NCLW showed the lowest (p < 0.05) degree of texturization among treatments. The ileal digestibility of GE in SBM was higher with NCHW and CHW as compared to NCLW. The ileal digestibility of CP was lower in extruded corn, but was higher in extruded SBM, compared to untreated sample. Lysine digestibility of extruded corn (except corn with NCHW) was in general significantly improved. Extrusion of SBM resulted in no improvements in ileal digestibility of amino acids, but extruded SBM with NCLW had lower lysine digestibility compared to other treatments. In growth responses, pigs fed a diet with CLW had higher, but not significant, average daily gain (ADG) than other treatments during first 2 weeks. From d 15 to 28, pigs fed a diet with CHW had significantly less (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) than others except NCHW. In conclusion, the proper extrusion condition for corn and SBM in terms of ileal digestibility of amino acids and growth performance of weaning pigs seems to be the combination of preconditioning and a low water supply (3.0 l/min).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.845-855
• /
• 2013

Requirements of dietary chloride (dCl) and chloride salts were determined by using $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement under four phase feeding program. Four levels (0.31, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73%) and two sources ($NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$) of the dCl were allocated to 1,472 chicks in eight dietary treatments in which each treatment was replicated four times with 46 birds per replicate. The four phase feeding program was comprised of four dietary phases: Prestarter (d 1 to 10), Starter (d 11 to 20), Grower (d 21 to 33) and Finisher (d 34 to 42); and diets were separately prepared for each phase. The cations, anions, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were analyzed in drinking water and were not affected by dietary treatments. BW gain (BWG; $p{\leq}0.009$) and feed:gain (FG; $p{\leq}0.03$) were improved in $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets during d 1 to 10. The maximum response of BWG and FG was observed at 0.38% and 0.42% dCl, respectively, for d 34 to 42. However, the level of dCl for BWG during d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.04$) and d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.009$) was optimized at 0.60% and 0.42%, respectively. The level of dCl for optimized feed intake (FI; $p{\leq}0.006$), FG ($p{\leq}0.007$) and litter moisture (LM; $p{\leq}0.001$) was observed at 0.60%, 0.38% and 0.73%, respectively, for d 1 to 42. Water intake (DWI) was not affected by increasing dCl supplementation (p>0.05); however, the ratio between DWI and FI (DWI:FI) was found highest at 0.73% dCl during d 1 to 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$) and d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.009$). Except for d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.006$), the increasing level of dCl did not result in a significant difference in mortality during any phase. Blood pH and glucose, and breast and thigh weights (percentage of dressed weight) were improved while dressing percentage (DP) and gastrointestinal health were exacerbated with $NH_4Cl$ as compared to $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Higher plasma $Na^+$ and $HCO_3{^-}$ and lower $Cl^-$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were observed in $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Increasing supplementation of dCl increased plasma $Cl^-$ ($p{\leq}0.04$; quadratically) and linearly reduced plasma $K^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($p{\leq}0.003$), $HCO_3{^-}$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), and $Na^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratically). Consequently, higher requirements of dietary chloride are suggested for feed intake; nevertheless, lower levels of dietary chloride are sufficient to support optimal BWG and FG with increasing age. The $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ameliorate breast and thigh meat yield along with overall energy balance (glucose).

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.377-386
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Indongcho(L. japonica Thunb) powder on blood glucose, serum lipid levels and antioxidative enzymes in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of rats(3-week-old inbred Sprague-Dawley male rats) were normal rats fed control diet(NC), diabetic rats fed control diet(DC), normal rats fed Indongcho powder diet(NI), and diabetic rats fed Indongcho powder diet(DI). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg B.W., i.p.). The animals were fed ad libium each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Food and water intakes were determined everyday. Blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels were determined every week. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed and activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were determined in their liver and kidney homogenates. We also determined serum concentrations of total lipid(TL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C). Blood sugar and water intake were higher in diabetic group(DC and DI group) than normal group(NC and NI group) and were not significantly decreased by dietary Indongcho intake. Body weight gain and FER(feed efficiency ratio) were reduced by STZ treatment. But, Final body weight was recovered by Indongcho-contained diet. LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) of the DI g re up was significantly lower than the other experimental groups(NC, NI and DC groups). The hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity of the groups fed Indongcho diet(NI and DI group) was lower than the groups fed control diet(NC and DC group) and the G6Pase activity of NI group was recovered to the normal levels(p<0.05). However, The glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and glutathione reductase(GR) activities in liver and G6Pase activity in kidney were not statistically different between the control and diabetic control groups. Renal GST activity of the DI group was recovered by Indongcho intake. In conclusion, these results confirm oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats with STZ diabetes and antioxidative effect of Indongcho.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.910-917
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study is to determine the anti-obesity effects of genistein and exercise, separately and in combination, in mice. Fifty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 5 treatment groups: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HD), high fat diet with exercise (HD+Ex), high fat diet with 0.2% genistein (HD+G), high fat diet with 0.2% genistein, and exercise (HD+G+Ex). They were allowed free access to feed and water, and exercised mice engaged in swimming on a regular basis for 12 weeks. Genistein supplemented mice gained less weight, had lower energy intake, better lipid profiles, and lower leptin than the HD mice. Furthermore, when genistein was combined with exercise (HD+G+Ex) the effects were even greater. HD, HD+Ex, and HD+G mice exhibited increased hepatic CPT-1 mRNA expression. Therefore, genistein and exercise has anti-obesity effects, as shown by changes in body weight, fat accumulation, energy intake, and leptin levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권9호
• /
• pp.1439-1447
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of tanninrich woody species on meat oxidative stability, carcass traits and meat quality in goats. Methods: Two tannin-rich species were tested using a three-treatments feeding trial, where treatments consisted of: Larrea divaricata and Acacia aroma both at 12.5% in dry matter basis of the diet and a control diet (alfalfa hay). All feeding diets were iso-protein and iso-energy. Carcass conformation, carcass compactness, carcass fatness and subcutaneous fat deposition were evaluated. Intake, liveweigh, Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscles of goats were analyzed in order to evaluate quality parameters such as pH value, instrumental color evaluation, water holding capacity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, meat oxidative stability and fatty acid profiles in meat. Results: Feed intake, liveweight gain, carcass, and meat traits did not differ among treatments. Changes in meat lipid profile among treatments were observed for oleic and elaidic acid contents. Meat total phenolic content and antioxidant activity did not differ among treatments; although, meat oxidative status after storage at room temperature, as well as under refrigerated and frozen conditions were different between control and both supplemented groups. Conclusion: The inclusion of Acacia aroma and Larrea divaricata leaves in goat diet enhanced meat oxidative stability. Modulation of the ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids produced by condensed tannins of these plant species need to be further investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.554-562
• /
• 2006

Two lines of mice, M16 selected for rapid growth and a randomly selected control ICR as well as their reciprocal crosses were used to study the effects of genotype on whole-body energetics and intestinal responses to monensin. Six mice, eight weeks of age, from each line or reciprocal cross were assigned to one of two treatments, 1) drinking water containing 20 mmol/L monensin dissolved in 0.5% V/V ethanol, and 2) drinking water containing 0.5% V/V ethanol (control) for two weeks. After 11 days (age of 9 weeks and 4 days), whole-body $O_2$ consumption was measured. At the end of two weeks, jejunal $O_2$ consumption, intestinal tissue composition and histomorphometrics as well as the rate and efficiency of glucose absorption were estimated. In comparison with the control, monensin administration in drinking water resulted in less daily water intake (13.4 vs. 15.5 ml/mouse, p<0.01), less protein to DNA ratio of jejunal mucosa (5.41 vs. 6.01 mg/mg, p<0.05), lower villus width (88 vs. $100{\mu}m$, p<0.05), and less jejunal tissue $O_2$ consumption enhancement by alcohol (7.2 vs. 10.5%, p<0.01) in mice. Other than those changes, monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on variables measured in either line of mice or their reciprocal cross. In contrast, the M16 line, selected for rapid growth, as compared to the ICR controls or the reciprocal crosses, had less initial (pre-monensin treatment) whole-body $O_2$ consumption per gram of body weight (1.68 vs. $2.11-2.34{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}g$ BW, p<0.01) as compared to the ICR and reciprocal crosses. In addition, the M16 mice exhibited greater growth (412 vs. 137-210 mg/d, p<0.05), better feed efficiency (41.7 vs. 19.9-29.3 mg gain/g feed, p<0.05), shorter small intestines adjusted for fasted body weight (1.00 vs. 1.22-1.44 cm/g FBW, p<0.05), wider villi (109 vs. $87-93{\mu}m$, p<0.05), more mature height of enterocytes (28.8 vs. $24.4-25.1{\mu}m$, p<0.05) and a lower rate (91 vs. $133-145{\eta}mol\;glucose/min{\cdot}g$ jejunum, p<0.05) and less energetic efficiency (95 vs. $59-72{\eta}mol$ ATP expended/${\eta}mol$ glucose uptake, p<0.05) of glucose absorption compared to the ICR line and the reciprocal cross. Monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on whole-body $O_2$ consumption and jejunal function, whilst selection for rapid growth resulted in an apparent down-regulation of intestinal function. These data suggest that genetic selection for increased growth does not result in concomitant changes in intestinal function. This asynchrony in the selection for production traits and intestinal function may hinder full phenotypic expression of genotypic growth potential.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.539-545
• /
• 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of beekeeping by-products added to drinking water on the growth performance and intestinal and fecal microflora of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. A total of 72 five-week-old ICR mice with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.57 ± 0.60 g were used in a two-week experiment. The four treatment groups were as follows; 1) CON, normal distilled water; 2) T1, CON with 0.7% beehive extract; 3) T2, CON with 0.7% propolis (PRO); and 4) T3, CON with 0.7% royal jelly (RJ). Each treatment consisted of 6 replicate cages with 3 mice per cage. At 0 - 1 week, T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency (G : F) than that of CON. Compared with CON, T2 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and feed intake at 1 - 2 weeks. During the entire period, T2 and T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and G : F compared to CON. The amount of Salmonella and Lactobacillus in the large intestine was significantly decreased and increased (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3, respectively, compared to CON. The amount of Escherichia coli in the fecal matter was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to CON in all treatment groups to which beekeeping by-products were added. In conclusion, the addition of PRO or RJ to the drinking water of ICR mice had a positive effect on the growth performance and the intestinal and fecal microflora.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.541-546
• /
• 2001

This study examined the effect of various types of exercise on bone formation and resorption in rat. Five-week-old male Sprague-Daweley rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups with 10 animals in each; Control, Treadmill, Swimming, Resistance. The exercise regimen consisted of treadmill running at 25m/min, 1 hr per day, 5 days a week, and swimming for 1 hr per day, 5 days a week. Resistant exercise type with weight-bearing was designed to extend lower and upper extremities in order to feed the diet and water. Food intake showed no significant difference among groups but body weight gain and food efficiency were significantly increased in Control group as compared with exercise groups. Femur and tibia length and weight were higher in Control group and the density of therm tended to be higher in exercise groups than Control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The breaking force of femur was the highest in Swimming group and tibia was the highest in Resistance group among groups, while there was no signigicant difference among the exercise groups. The calcium content of femur was significantly increased in Resistance group than the other groups. Calcium intake and urinary calcium showed no significant difference among groups, while calcium absorption and retention were significantly higher in exercise group than Control group. In conclusion, exercise training enhanced bone formation due to the positive effect on metabolism of calcium and bone which were different according to the types of exercise. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 541∼546, 2001)