• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2023

Phosphorus (P) is a macro mineral needed for bone mineralization and cell membrane structure and P is also involved in several fundamental pathways of metabolism in the body. Because of the low concentration and digestibility of P in plant ingredients that are the main components of diets for poultry and pigs, feed phosphates are usually included in diets in addition to the P contributed by plant ingredients. The most widely used feed phosphates in poultry and swine diets are dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP), but tricalcium phosphate (TCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) may be used as well. Because feed phosphates are mostly produced from rock phosphate, feed phosphates have impurities that contain minerals other than P. Concentrations of P in feed phosphates range from 14.8% (MgP) to 25.7% (MSP). The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in pigs ranges from 71% (TCP) to 95% (MSP). The STTD of Ca and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P and Ca in feed phosphates fed to pigs and poultry have been determined only in a few experiments. Available data indicate that the STTD of Ca and SID of P in MCP are greater than in DCP in both poultry and pigs, but the SID of Ca is similar between DCP and MCP fed to broilers. Information on mineral concentrations and digestibility values in feed phosphates is needed in diet formulation for pigs and poultry, but if diets are formulated to contain equal concentrations of digestible P and Ca, it is unlikely that animal performance will be impacted by the source of feed phosphates used in the diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.169-175
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted with male broiler chicks to determine the effect of different dietary phosphorus sources and evaluate the biological availability of phosphorus sources. The biological availability of phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was used as a reference standard (100%) compared to defluorinate phosphate (DFP). DCP and DFP was supplemented to a corn-soy basal diet at levels of 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35%. Each of 24 pens of 10 male broiler chicks with three replications was used for three weeks. The results indicated that weight gain, feed in-take, feed efficiency, nonphytic phosphorus (NPP) and tibia ash were significantly different among treatments. Dietary supplemental phosphorus of DFP improved weight gain, NPP intake and feed efficiency consistently, whereas supplements of DCP did not show consistent increase. Regression equations was used for the availability of DPP compared with DCP when percent bone ash was a function of total phosphorus in the diet. The percent (%) bone ash of DFP groups compared to that of DCP groups showed a value of 59.98% as a slope ratio. DFP indicated lower biological availability compared to DCP, but it's dietary supplementation tended to increase bone ash and maximize the growth of young broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2018

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation with four phosphorus (P) additives [mono-calcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP)] on the growth, feed utilization and whole body mineral composition of juvenile olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus. A basal diet without P supplementation was prepared as a negative control and four supplemental P sources were added at a level of 2%. Triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight 11 g) were fed one of the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice a day, at 08:30 and 18:00 for 10 weeks. The final body weights of fish fed the experimental diets ranged from 29.4 g (DCP) to 34.2 g (MCP) and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments. Similar tendencies were found for all parameters including weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed intake (FI) and survival rate (SR). The hematocrit (%), hemoglobin (g/dL), serum inorganic P and whole body mineral composition did not differ significantly different (P>0.05) among the treatments. Therefore, dietary P addition is not necessary for juvenile olive flounder fed a fish meal-based diet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.334-337
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• 2002

The drinking water industry faces a growing number of difficultiesin the treatment of groundwater for drinking water production. Groundwater sources are frequently contaminated with nitrates and phosphates due to usage of chemical fertilizer In this study, feasibility of micellar enhanced ultrafiltation (MEUF) was investigated to remediate groundwater contaminated with nitrate and phosphate. Ultrafiltration membrane was cellulose acetate with molecular weight cut off (MWCO) 10,000 and celtyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) was used to form pollutant-micelle complex with nitrate and phosphate. The results show that nitrate and phosphate rejections are satisfactory. The removal efficiency of nitrate and phosphate show 80% and 84% in single pollutant system, respectively with 3 molar ratio of CPC to pollutants. In the multi-pollutant systems, the removalefficiency increased to 90 % and 89 % for nitrate and phosphate, respectively, The presence of nitrate in the solutions did not affect the removal of phosphate and that of phosphate did not affect the removal of nitrate. The concentration of CPC in the permeate and removal efficiency of CPC was a function of the concentration of CPC in the feed solutions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to investigate a supplemental effect of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, $MgHPO_4$) as an alternative phosphorus (P) source on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus) in comparison with three conventional P additives (monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and tricalcium phosphate [TCP]) as positive controls. A basal diet as a negative control was prepared without P supplementation and four supplemental P sources were added at the level of 2%. Five groups of 450 fish having mean body weight of 11.3 g following 24 h fasting after three week adaptation period were randomly distributed into each of 15 tanks (30 fish/tank). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiety twice a day for 8 weeks. Fish fed MHP had weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate comparable to those fed MCP. Fish fed MHP and MCP had feed efficiency (FE) significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed DCP. Fish groups fed control and TCP showed the lower FE than the other groups which was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of fish fed the other diets. Survival rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. Fish fed control had the lowest hematocrit, which was significantly different (p<0.05) from that of fish fed MHP. Fish fed MCP and MHP had plasma P higher (p<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Relative efficiencies of MCP, DCP and TCP to MHP were found to be 100.5 and 101.3%, 92.0 and 91.6%, and 79.1 and 80.9% for WG and FE, respectively. P availability was determined to be 88.1%, 75.2%, 8.7%, and 90.9% for MCP, DCP, TCP, and MHP, respectively. Consequently, MHP recovered from wastewater stream showed that as an alternative P source its performance was comparative with MCP on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.491-495
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• 1985

A series of growth experiment on the effect of phosphate addition to a common carp feed contatining a large amount of soybean meal were conducted at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan from November 2, 1984 to February 3, 1985. Carp feed containing $40\%$ soybean meal performs very poorly but when supplemented with $2\%$ dibasic sodium phosphate the feed gave a very good performance almost similar to one of the best carp feed commercially available. In this 94 day experiment, phosphate added feed resulted in 1.431 in food coefficient, and 1.619 in daily growth rate for common carp of 73.3g in initial weight, and 1.558 and $1.589\%$ for those of 26.7g, respectively, compared to the performance of the feed without phosphate addition, which resulted in 1.863 in food coefficient and $1.365\%$ in daily growth rate for the large ones, and 1.820 and $1.438\%$ for the small ones, respectively, thus indicating that carp feeds containing a large amount of soybean meal could effectively be used if a proper amount of phosphorus is supplemented.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.39.1-39.9
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• 2016

Magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, $MgHPO_4$) recovered from swine manure was prepared as an alternative phosphorus (P) source. Conventional P additives, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were compared with the MHP in terms of growth and P availability by juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio. A basal diet as a negative control was prepared using practical feed ingredients without P supplementation to which four supplemental P sources were added at the level of 2%. Five groups of 450 fish having mean body weight of 6.5 g following 24 h fasting after 2 weeks of adaptation period were randomly distributed into each of 15 tanks (30 fish/tank). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiety twice a day for 9 weeks. Fish fed the MHP had weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) comparable to those fed the MCP. Those values of both the MHP and MCP groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the other groups. Fish groups fed control and the TCP showed the lowest WG, PER, and SGR and the highest FCR among treatments. No fish were died among treatments during the experimental period. Fish fed control and the TCP showed hematocrit and hemoglobin significantly lower (p < 0.05) than fish fed the MHP. The lowest inorganic P (Pi) in plasma was found in the control group. Even though Pi was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from other phosphate groups, fish fed the MCP and MHP retained higher P in whole body than the other groups. P availability was determined to be 93.2, 62.4, 6.1, and 98.0% for MCP, DCP, TCP, and MHP, respectively. The present results suggested that the MHP recovered from wastewater stream could be used as an alternative P source in carp diet.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.80-84
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• 2014

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all living organisms. P is mostly obtained from mined rock phosphate. However, existing rock phosphate reserves could be exhausted in the next 50-100 years. As Korea is totally dependent on imported rock phosphate, we should seek for solution to overcome the P depletion by efficient use and recycling. For this, this study suggested a P flow model to identify the location and flow route of P in urban area based on traditional material flow analysis. The type of P entering the urban areas are fertilizer, food and feed. Each type of P is used in agriculture, human consumption and animal husbandry. After going through each process, P is moved to waste management facilities within food waste, excreta and sewage. Some portion of P in waste are buried, incinerated and discharged, which can be reservoir of P in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the response of main growth characters, yield and chemical composition of Jeju native soybean based on the difference between phosphate rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250kg/ha) from May 11 to September 10 in 2002 in Jeju island. Days to flowering was delayed from 92 days to 97 days as the increasing of phosphate rate. Also plant height grew longer from 109cm to 124cm. The number of branches and leaves, stem diameter, root length and weight of root grew powerful as phosphate rate increased from 0 to 250kg/ha. Fresh forage yield was 26.5MT/ha in the nonphosphate plot and then was 36.9MT/ha as phosphate rate increased to 250kg/ha. And the difference between 200kg/ha and 250kg/ha in phosphate rate was not significant. Dry matter, crude protein and TDN yield increased 6.0∼7.9MT/ha, 0.9∼1.4MT/ha and 3.4∼4.9MT/ha respectively, as the increasing of phosphate rate. Also crude protein, crude fat, NFE and TDN content increased 15.5∼18.3%, 2.2∼3.3%, 42.5∼43.5%, and 56.7∼61.9% respectively. In contrast with this, crude fiber and crude ash decreased 32.1∼28.1% and 7.7∼6.8% respectively. To reach the climax of forage yield was estimated optimum phosphate rate to be 200kg/ha.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.521-526
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• 1993

Two percent of monocalcuim phosphate (MCP) was added to control diet consisted of fish meal (18%), soybean meal (36%) and wheat flour (37%) in order to examine the effects on phosphorus (P) discharge and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Growth trial, during which digestibility measurements were made over 7 days, was conducted for 4 weeks using a recirculated rearing system with a settling column for feces collection. Fishes (initial body weight of about 200 g) were fed five times a day upto satiation with tank controlled at $24-26^{\circ}C$. Fishes fed the diet containing 2% MCP (MCP-2) showed about two-fold improvement on both growth rate and feed utilization, compared to those of fishes fed the control diet; weight gain (129 g vs 62 g), feed conversion ratio (1.20 vs 2.46), protein efficiency ratio (2.09 vs 1.07) and daily growth index (3.70 vs 1.93). However, feed intakes were maintained at the same level (150 g/fish) between the two treatments. Dry matter digestibilities of two diets were relatively low, which were 58 and 60% for respective control and MCP-2 diets due to low digestibility of total carbohydrates. However, the digestibilities of both dietary protein (85%) and lipid (90%) of diets were relatively high. While all the P fed were observed to be discharged from fish fed control diet, the discharge from fish fed the MCP-2 diet was decreased up to less than the half (34.9 g/kg wt. gain) of the control. These present results revealed that the supplementation of dietary P requirement by MCP can not only promote growth performances but also reduce the level of P loading to water which is the primary water pollution indicator.