• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.324-331
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 2010년 1월부터 4월까지 제주도 제주시 해안가에 위치한 21곳의 용천수를 대상으로 하여 미생물학적 오염도를 조사하였다. 용천수의 이화학적 분석 및 수질환경기준에 포함되는 병원성 미생물외에 식중독 유발 및 인체에 유해한 식품병원성 미생물 중 총대장균군수, 분원성대장균, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus를 조사하였다. 이화학적 검사 결과 용천수의 평균 수온 값은 $15.4{\pm}0.63^{\circ}C$를 나타냈으며, 염분농도의 평균값은 $1.6{\pm}3.01$‰, pH 조사결과 $7.86{\pm}0.43$로 전반적으로 pH 7~8 범위안의 조사결과를 얻었으며, 용존산소량(DO)은 조사결과 $6.06{\pm}1.86$ mg/l로 대부분의 지점에서 평균 6~7 mg/ml의 용존산소량을 보였다. 용천수의 미생물학적 검사 결과 전체 정점별로 총대장균군 범위는 <1.8->1,600 MPN/100 ml로 조사되었으며, 분변계대장균의 경우 <1.8->1,600 MPN/100 ml를 나타냈다. 분변계대장균수의 범위를 정점별 평균값을 살펴보면 용천수 정점 1번, 2번, 10번, 11번을 제외한 모든 정점에서 기하평균치가 14 MPN/100 ml 이상의 평균값을 나타냈으며, 그중 3번, 16번 정점에서 기하평균치값 100 MPN/100 ml 이상의 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 조사한 21곳의 용천수에서 E. coli O157:H7은 검출되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권8호
• /
• pp.1202-1208
• /
• 2015

The effects of daily dietary Bacillus subtilis (Bs), and adding L-tryptophan, fructan, or casein to fecal fermentation broths were investigated as means to reduce the production of noxious gas during manure fermentation caused by ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), and 3-methylindole (skatole). Eighty swine ($50.0{\pm}0.5kg$) were equally apportioned to an experimental group given Bs in daily feed, or a control group without Bs. After 6 weeks, fresh manure was collected from both groups for fermentation studies using a $3{\times}3$ orthogonal array, in which tryptophan, casein, and fructan were added at various concentrations. After fermentation, the ammonia, $H_2S$, L-tryptophan, skatole, and microflora were measured. In both groups, L-tryptophan was the principle additive increasing skatole production, with significant correlation (r = 0.9992). L-tryptophan had no effect on the production of ammonia, $H_2S$, or skatole in animals fed Bs. In both groups, fructan was the principle additive that reduced $H_2S$ production (r = 0.9981). Fructan and Bs significantly interacted in $H_2S$ production (p = 0.014). Casein was the principle additive affecting the concentration of ammonia, only in the control group. Casein and Bs significantly interacted in ammonia production (p = 0.039). The predominant bacteria were Bacillus spp. CWBI B1434 (26%) in the control group, and Streptococcus alactolyticus AF201899 (36%) in the experimental group. In summary, daily dietary Bs reduced ammonia production during fecal fermentation. Lessening L-tryptophan and increasing fructan in the fermentation broth reduced skatole and $H_2S$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.551-558
• /
• 2003

본 시험은 쑥(Artemisia montana Pampan) 분말을 이유자돈 사료에 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% 및 2.0% 수준으로 대체하여 급여할 경우 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 영양소 소화율 및 분의 유해가스 발생량에 미치는 영향과 적정 첨가수준을 구명하기 위하여 4처리, 4반복, 반복당 7두로서 총 112두를 공시하여 4주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 0${\sim}$14일령 동안의 일당증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료요구율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구에서 개선되는 경향을 나타내었고 15${\sim}$28일령 동안의 일당증체량과 사료요구율은 처리간의 유의차가 없었으나 사료섭취량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구가 증가하였고(P<0.05) 쑥분말 0.5% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구는 다소 증가하는 경향만 나타냈다. 한편, 전 기간 동안의 일당증체량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구가 증가하는 경향을 보였고 사료섭취량은 모든 쑥분말 첨가구에서 증가하는 경향을 보여서 사료요구율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구에서 개선되는 경향을 나타냈다. 영양소 소화율에 있어서 건물 소화율은 대조구에 비해 모든 쑥분말 첨가구에서 증가하는 경향을, 조단백질 소화율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구에서 증가(P<0.05), 인 소화율은 쑥분말 2.0% 첨가구에서 증가(P<0.05)한 것으로 나타났다. 질소와 인 배설량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 2.0% 첨가구에서 감소하였고(P〈0.05) 쑥분말 0.5% 첨가구와 1.0% 첨가구에서는 감소하는 경향만을 나타냈다. 분의 유해가스 발생량에 있어서 $NH_3$ 발생량은 48시간 발효시에 대조구에 비해 모든 쑥분말 첨가구들에서 뚜렷하게 감소하였고(P<0.05) $H_2S$ 발생량은 전반적으로 쑥분말 첨가구들에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 이유자돈 사료에 쑥분말을 1.0${\sim}$2.0% 수준으로 첨가하여 급여하는 것이 생산성 향상과 유해가스 발생량 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국축산식품학회 1998년도 추계학술발표회
• /
• pp.41-57
• /
• 1998

Five hundreds of bifidobacteria were isolated from an healthy Korean and the inhibitory effects of these isolated bacteria on harmful enzymes of human intestinal microflora were examined by cocultivation of the isolated bifidobacteria with E. coli HGU-3 or total human intestinal microflora. In comparison with the results of E. coli or intestinal microflora cultivation, Bifidobacterium breave K-110, B. breve K-111 and B. infantis K-525 effectively inhibited harmful enzymes (${\beta}-glucuronidase$ and tryptophanase) of E. coli and lowered the pH of the culture media. Also they inhibited the harmful enzymes (${\beta}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, tryptophanase and urease) and ammonia production of intestinal microflora, and lowered pH of the culture media by increasing the number of bifidobateria on intestinal microflora. The inhibitory effect of bifidobacteria on Growth of Helicobacter pylori and Rotavirus infection were exammed. Bifidobacterium K-110 and K-111 inhibited effectively them. When these isolated bifidobacteria were administered to mice, the activities of fecal harmful enzymes were inhibited and the AC and ACF formation were suppressed. Among tested bifidobacteria, B. breve K-110 had high inhibitory effect of fecal harmful enzymes and ACF formation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 2000

Fecal microflora of 12 breast-fed(BF) and 15 formula-fed(FF) infants were investigated at 1 year after birth and the results were compared to those that had previously been obtained from the same subjects at 1 week after birth, and before and after weaning. At 1 year the two lactation groups showed no significant differences both in frequencies and numbers of each major bacterical species, except eubacteria, which showed higher frequency in FF infants. Bifidobacteria appeared as dominant species in 50% BF infants, heres bacteroides in 73.3% FF infants. Fecal pH was lower, though insignificant, in BF infants(6.5$\pm$0.4) than in FF infants(6.8$\pm$0.5). In BF infants, the number of bifidobacteria, clostridia, and E. coli deceased from birth up to 1 year, whereas the number of bacteroides similar trends to BF infants except that the number of bifidobacteria increased, but insignificantly. This research showed that the floral differences resulted not from the age, but from the types of feeding and that breast feeding and that breast feeding could be better than formula feeding in the BF infants had more stable floral composition and bowels with lower pH, which can play a protection role against pathogen infection.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 1990

This experiment was carried out to evaluate general characteristics of the water quality, total coliform, fecal coliform and microflora at the St. 1 to St. 3 and St. 4 to St. 7. Eighty-four water samples were collected from the 7 stations from July 1988 to April 1990 (see Fig. 1) Range and mean value of the samples were as follows water temperature 2.0-29.9$^{\circ}$C, 16.3$^{\circ}$C pH 6.86-9.08, 7.62: electrical conductivity 54.85$\mu \mho$/cm, 4.300 m$\mho$/cm, 911.93 $\mu \mho$/cm : turbidity 0.9-36 NTU, 6.8 NTU, respectively. pH and electrical conductivity at St. 4 to St. 7 were higher than those at St. 1 to St. 3, but turbidity at St. 1 to St. 2 was 7 times higher than that at Sonagdong river area. The bacterial density of the samples ranged 91-110,000/100ml for total coliform. 21-15,000/100ml for fecal coliform. Specially, the geometric mean value of the St. 3 was 11,836 / 100ml for it leveled heavy contaminaiton. Predominant species among the 3,874 strains isolated form the samples were 30.6% Enterobacteriaceae, 14.7% Acinetobacter, 9.0% Aeromonas. 8.9% Neisseria, and 7.5% Vibrio.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 1998

Five hundreds of bifidobacteria were isolated from a healthy Korean and the inhibitory effects of these isloated bacteria on harmful enzymes of human intestinal microflora were examined by cocultivation of the isolated bifidobacteria with E. coli or total human intestinal microflora. In comparison with the results of E. coli or intestinal microflora cultivation, Bifidobacterium breve K-110, B. breve K-111 and B. infantis K-525 effectively inhibited harmful enzymes ($\beta$-glucuronidase and tryptophanase) of E. coli and lowered the pH of the culture media. Also they inhibited the harmful enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase, tryptophanase and urease) and ammonia production of intestinal microflora, and lowered pH of the culture media by increasing lactic acid bacteria of intestinal microflora. When these isolated bifidobacteria were administered on mice, fecal harmful enzymes were also inhibited. Among tested bifidobacteria, B. breve K-110 had the highest inhibitory effect of fecal harmful enzymes.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.5-8
• /
• 1978

순환여과수조에 있어 수질 오염의 지표로서 대장균군의 수적인 변동을 측정하였다. 세균의 오염은 주로 어류의 먹이와 배설물 그리고 새로 교환되는 사육수의 기오염도에 원인이 있었다. 수조내의 세균량은 수질의 물리화학적인 요인에 의해서 조절되었으며, 이러한 요인들 중에서는 pH가 주된 것이었다. 수온 $20^{\circ}C$에 pH가 $5\~6$ 이하로 낮아질 경우에는 세균의 급격한 번식은 없었다. 수온이 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상 일 때 세균의 성장은 pH에 관계없이 현저하게 감소하였으며, 세균군은 그 이하의 온도에서 활발히 성장하는 것처럼 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.611-618
• /
• 2020

Background: It is well recognized that gut microbiota is involved in the biotransformation of ginsenosides by converting the polar ginsenosides to nonpolar bioactive ginsenosides. However, the roles of the gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in humans have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: Red ginseng (RG) or fermented red ginseng was orally administered to 34 healthy Korean volunteers, and the serum concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the fecal ginsenoside Rd- and compound K (CK)eforming activities were measured. Then, the correlations between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the ginsenosides and the fecal ginsenoside-metabolizing activities were investigated. Results: For the RG group, the area under the serum concentratione-time curve values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 8.20 ± 11.95 ng·h/mL, 4.54 ± 3.70 ng·h/mL, 36.40 ± 19.68 ng·h/mL, and 40.30 ± 29.83 ng·h/mL, respectively. For the fermented red ginseng group, the the area under curve from zero to infinity (AUC_∞) values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 187.90 ± 95.87 ng·h/mL, 30.24 ± 41.87 ng·h/mL, 28.68 ± 14.27 ng·h/mL, and 137.01 ± 96.16 ng·h/mL, respectively. The fecal CK-forming activities of the healthy volunteers were generally proportional to their ginsenoside Rd-eforming activities. The area under the serum concentration-time curve value of CK exhibited an obvious positive correlation (r = 0.566, p < 0.01) with the fecal CK-forming activity. Conclusion: The gut microbiota may play an important role in the bioavailability of the nonpolar RG ginsenosides by affecting the biotransformation of the ginsenosides.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.1239-1243
• /
• 2005

The water quality of the Ian Stream, a tributary of the Na14dong River, was estimated to provide an information in establishment of an ecological restoration plan for fan dam which will be constructed in near future. Seven stations were selected in upstream (3 stations) and downstream (4 stations) of Ian Stream, centering the construction site of Ian dam. Samples were collected at the surface water of 7 stations selected on May 1, June 16, and September 1 in 2004. The values of DO, pH, and BOD are satisfied Grade I for river water standard in nearly all sites. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total Phosphorus (TP) showed low level with ranges of $1.10\~2.25\;mgN/L,\;5\~14\;{\mu}gP/L$. However, the total and fecal conform bacteria were detected in nearly stations, especially high at the upstream stations. The number of fecal conform bacteria corresponds to the Grade III for river water standard. In addition, some metals (iron, manganese) were detected during dry season. As a consequence, general water quality of Ian Stream satisfied Grade I for river standard and it is expected that pollution loads from watershed is not significant. However, the detection of fecal conform, which is thought to be from livestock and residents, and some metals originating mimes watershed can have a potential health risk exists for aquatic organisms lived in Ian Stream. It needs to be solved by the construction of wastewater treatment plant to diminish the health risk from stream water polluted by fecal conform and metals, and to provide the safe ecological habitat for aquatic organisms.