• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.324-331
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• 2012

Bacteriological examination of spring water in Jeju City was conducted. A total of 21 spring water samples were collected from January to April, 2010. During the study period, the range of temperature was 0.6 to $15.4^{\circ}C$, and the results of the analyses showed that hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) for spring water were 0.43 to 7.9. Salinity levels for the samples averaged from 3.0 to 1.64%, and levels of water-dissolved oxygen were 1.85 to 6.06 mg/l. The range of total coliforms in spring water samples at 21 stations located in the designated spring water were <1.8->1,600 MPN/100 ml. Furthermore, the range of geometric means of total coliforms was 9.9-151.6 MPN/100 ml, while the range of fecal coliforms in spring water samples at 21 stations located in the designated spring water area was <1.8->1,600 MPN/100 ml. Finally, the range of geometric mean of fecal coliforms was 3.1-151.6 MPN/100 ml. The level of microbial contamination was examined in 21 samples for indications of bacterial contamination such as heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp. were frequently detected in the spring water. Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and S. aureus were detected in the range of $0-0.5{\times}10^1$, $0-0.1{\times}10^1$, $0-0.1{\times}10^1$, and $0-0.3{\times}10^1$ CFU/ml, respectively, while E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in the examined spring water samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

The change of the microbial community structure in excess sludge of different sewage treatment plants by ozone treatment was investigated by quinone profiles. The resulting ozone dosage ranged from 0.1 to $0.4gO_3/gTS$. In terms of overall sludge reduction, more than 50% reduction of the total sludge mass could be achieved by ozone treatment at $0.4gO_3/gTS$. Quinone concentration and type in sludge of different treatment plants were remarkably decreases with increasing ozone dose. Ubiquinones(UQs)-8, -10 and MK-8 were still remained in the ozonized sludge at $0.4gO_3/gTS$. The results of this study showed that the remaining microorganisms belong to UQs-8, -10 and MK-8 were difficult to destruct cell membrane or wall by ozonation. Fecal Streptococci and Salmonella were not detected at ozone dose of $0.2gO_3/gTS$, but Fecal Coliform was not detected at ozone dose of $0.4gO_3/gTS$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 1995

Puksin Bay located in the northwestern pan of Tongyeong, Korea has been contaminated by municipal wastewaters. In Puksin Bay, red tides have occured almost every year since the early 1980's. This experiment was carried out two times in a month in the winter in 1990, the summer' 1991, and the winter in 1994 so as to clarify the distribution marine bacteria and coliform groups in Puksin Bay. The water quality of Puksin Bay was not only move polluted than that of any other costal area around Tongyeong, but also its water quality was investigated to keep going bad. Viable cell counts in Puksin Bay were $4.9\times10^3/ml$ in 1990's winter, $3.6\times10^6/ml$ in 1991's summer, and $2.1\times10^4/ml$ in 1994's winter. The variation of seasonal total and fecal coliform MPN/100ml in Puksin Bay were $6.7\times10^2\;and\;2.6\times10^2$ in 1990's winter, $1.5\times10^4$ and $5.4\times10^3$ in 1991's summer, and $1.5\times10^3$ and $5.6\times10^2$ in 1994's winter, respectively. The changes of stational total coliform MPN/100m1 from station 1 to station 8 in Puksin Bay were 95,000, 1600, 1,000, 182, 151, 94, 43 and 13 in winter, and 110,000, 29,000, 2,400, 4,100, 1,700, 1,700, 810 and 150 in 1991's summer, and 3,381, 1928, 1582, 256, 161, 59 and 23 in 1994's winter. During the study period, the number of viable cell was ranged from $10^4\;to\;10^7/ml$ and 307 bacteria strains were isolated from Puksin Bay. The dominant species were Acinetobacter spp. 86 $(28.3\%)$, Pseudomonas spp. 51 $(16.6\%)$, Flavobacterium spp. 41 $(13.4\%)$, Escherichia coli 36 $(11.7\%)$, and Vibrio spp. 27$(8.8\%)$. The results obtained in this study indicate that this bay is getting to contaminate far more with municipal wastewaters and cultivation of the shellfish and finfish in this bay is not proper. When municiple wastewaters keep flowing into this bay, any other coastal area around Tongyeong may be contaminated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the water quality in the lower part of the Nagdong river in Korea. Three hundred and sixty water samples were collected from the 15 stations from December 1981 to November 1982 by tide(see Fig.1). Water temperature, pH, chloride ion, salinity, total coliform, fecal coliform, viable cell count and the composition of coliform were observed to evaluate the water quality. The variations of water temperature was ranged from $2.0^{\circ}C\;to\;29.5^{\circ}C$ and as mean value from $15.8^{\circ}C\;to\;18.9^{\circ}C$. The range of pH was 6.00-8.88 and 7.20-7.96 as mean value. The concentration of chloride ion from St. 1 to 5 was higher as 17.51-771 mg/l in flood tide than 13.12-264.58 mg/l in ebb tide. Specially, water quality at St.1 (Samrangjin) which located about 46 km far from Hadan was also influenced by tide. Salinities of water in flood tide were a litte higher ($11.05{\sim}31.08\%0$) than those of in ebb tide ($7.80{\sim}29.28\%0$). Total coliform MPN's ranged from 3.6/100 m/l to 460,000/100ml. The geometric mean value of the upper area (included St. $1{\sim}3$) was $259{\sim}538/100ml$, that of the middle area (included St. $4{\sim}6$) was $1,097{\sim}39,544/100ml$ for it leveled heavy contamination. Specially, in the ebb tide St. 10 was influenced by St. 6 and 7. In the upper area, the geometric mean value of fecal coliform MPN's was $109{\sim}199/100ml$ but in the area in cluded St. 5, 6 and 7 were heavily contaminated by domestic sewage, waste water from the factories area and bird's excrement. Composition of coliform was $17\%$ Escherichia coli group, $33\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $28\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $21\%$ others. Plate count of samples was varied from <30 to $3.9{\times}10^4/ml$ during the study period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.611-616
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• 2001

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of seawater in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions, The samples were collected at 6 stations established once a month from January to December, 2000. During the study period, the ranges of temperature, transparency, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate and chlorophyll-a were $6.8\sim25.2^{\circ}C,\;1.0\sim2.5\;m,\;1.79\sim2.41\;mg/L,\;5.7\sim10.1\;mg/L,\;6.59\sim10.53{\mu}g-at/L,\;0.56\sim1.01{\mu}g-at/L\;and\;1.21\sim9.54\;mg/m^3$, respectively, The viable cell counts of seawater in Tongyeong harbor ranged from $3.0\times10^4CFU/mL\;to\;6.9\times10^6CFU/mL$. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of the samples were ranged $23\~4,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 540 MPN/100 mL) and $11\~1,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 210 MPN/100 mL), respectively, The coliform group was classified with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. Two hundred eighteen strains that were obtained from seawater samples in Tongyeong harbor represented Escherichia coli group, $66.1\%$; Citrobacter freundii group, $11.0\%$; Enterobacter aerogenes, $9.6\%$; and unknown, $13.3\%$, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of V. parahaemolyticus, V cholerae non-O1 and V. vulnificus were $10.0\sim30.1\%$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.621-626
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• 2002

The bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of sea water and sediments in south western part of Jinhae Bay was conducted. The samples were collected from 40 stations, which were established once a month from January to December, 2000. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 5.5 to $23.7^{\circ}C$, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.20 to 1.55 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.7 to 9.1 mg/L, dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2.79 to 7.09 $\mu$g-at/L phosphate phosphorus ranged from 0.39 to 0.57 $\mu$g-at/L, and chlorophyll-$\alpha$g-at/L ranged from 4.28 to $9.66 mg/m^{3}$. The chemical oxygen demand, acid volatile sulfide and ignition loss of sediments in south western part of Jinhae Bay ranged from 0.04 to 0.40, from 24.23 to 35.52 mg/L and from 10.49 to $11.09\%$ respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water in south western part of Jinhae Bay ranged from <3.0 to 1,600 MPN/1003nL (means <3.0 MPN/100 mL) and from <3.0 to 93 MPN/100 mL (means <3.0 MPN/ 100 mL), respectively. The coliform group was classified with IMViC reactions were analyzed. Two hundred eighteen strains that were obtained from sea water samples in south westen of Jinhae Bay represented Escherichia coli group, $61.9\%$; Citrobacter freundii group, $12.1\%$; Enterobacter aerogenes, $14.1\%$; and unknown, $11.9\%$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2016

Objectives: To ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater, it was confirmed whether waterborne pathogenic bacteria in groundwater samples tested positive for total coliforms in the Chungcheongnam-do Province region. Methods: Total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms were tested according to the process mandated by the drinking water quality testing standards of Korea. DNA was extracted from the samples, tested positive for total coliforms, and then subjected to real-time PCR to detect waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Results: A total of 115 samples were inadequate for drinking water. Thirty-one cases (27%) showed positive for fecal coliforms and nine cases (7.8%) showed total colony counts exceeding drinking water standards. Twenty-seven cases (23.5%) showed three items (total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms). Using the real-time PCR method, waterborne pathogens were detected in 57 cases (49.6%) in 115 samples. Seventy-eight cases of waterborne pathogenic bacteria were detected (including duplications): 27 cases of pathogenic E. coli (EPEC (19), ETEC (5), EHEC (1), EAEC (1) and EIEC (1)); 45 of Bacillus cereus; two of Yersinia spp.; two of Salmonella spp.; one of Staphylococcus aureus; one of Clostridium perfringens. Conclusion: The real-time PCR method can offer rapid and accurate detection of waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this assay could be an alternative to conventional culture methods and can further ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17.1-17.9
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• 2016

The seasonal variation of fecal coliforms (FCs) and physicochemical factors was determined in seawaters of the Hansan-Geojeman area, including a designated area for oyster, and in inland pollution sources of its drainage basin. The mean daily loads of FCs in inland pollution sources ranged from $1.2{\times}10^9$ to $3.1{\times}10^{11}$ most probable number (MPN)/day; however, the pollutants could not be reached at the designated area. FC concentrations of seawaters were closely related to season, rainfall, and inland contaminants, however, within the regulation limit of various countries for shellfish. The highest concentrations for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ in seawaters were shown in the surface layer during August with high rainfall, whereas the lowest for dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bottom layer of the same month. Therefore, it indicates that the concentrations of FC, COD, DO, and $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ of seawaters were closely related to season and rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.148-157
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of sea water at popular swimming beaches such as Haeundae, Kwanganri and Songjeong which are located in the suburbs of Busan Korea. One hundred and seventy five sea water samples were collected from the 25 stations during the both summer seasons in 1979 and in 1980. The sampling stations were established in the above 3 swimming beaches and the estuary of Suyeong river (See Fig.1.). To evaluate the sanitary quality, coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were observed. The median value of coliform group MPN of the samples ranged 2,300 to 6,500/100m1 in Kwanganri, 670 to 910/100m1 in Haeundae and 430 to 460/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Geometric mean of fecal coliform MPN was 3,200/100m1 in Kwanganri, 500/100m1 in Haeundae and 360/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Composition of coliform was $23\%$ Escheri-chia coli group, $20\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $41\%$ Klebsiella aerogenes group and $16\%$others. The density of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Kwanganri was much higher than those of in other beaches by 5 to 6 times. Plate count of the samples in the estuary of Suyeong river was varied from 300 to $8.5\times10^6/ml$ during the study period. No remarkable difference was observed in bacterial density by tide in swimming beaches but the bacterial density of sea water at ebb tide was obviously higher than those of the samples at flood tide in the estuary of Suyeong river.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

Characterization of sediment quality is important for the proper management of surface water quality, yet sediment has not been monitored sufficiently. In this study, fecal indicator microorganism concentrations of sediments in the Geum River Basin were monitored. Sampling was carried out at one paddy field, one lakeshore and five monitoring stations in the lower reach of the Geum River Basin. Surface waters and sediments were sampled four times during rainy season. Total coliform concentrations of sediments were 12 times higher in average to those of surface waters while E. coli concentrations of sediments were six times higher. No correlation found between indicator microorganism concentration between surface waters and sediments.