• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 1989

This study was conducted to determine the cause of the occurence of marginal leaf chlorosis in ginseng plants (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), and to determine its emersion in fields (practically) and in pots (experimentally). The following results were obtained. In the Present investigation, ginseng plants raised in acidic soil containing a high a moue t of Mn showed marginal leaf chlorosis. Henre it Ivas suggested that the shoot growth and root weights became grad gractually lower. The leaves having marginal leaf chlorosis contained low amounts of N, P,. Ca, Mg, and Na and the Fe/Mn ratios were low. There was a corresponding increase in Mn uptake. It was founrl that in soils where marginal leaf chlorisis occured the pH urar brlolv 4.2 to 4.9 and the Ca, Mg and Na content was decreased thus effectively increasing the available manganese in the soil. The Mn/Fe ratios in the yellow leaf margins of ginseng Plants affected by the Mn toxicity was over 2.0 compared to the general Mn/Fe ratio of 0.50 for healthily leaves, stems and roots. Typically when ginseng plants grow fields having soil with a pH below about 5.0, there tenor to be an uptake of excess Mn. When ginseng plants are grown in a nutrient sand culture solution It with an increased Mn concentration, they accumulate large amounts of Mn in the roots and in the shoots. In both casts marginal leaf chlorosis appeared in the emersions. In the Present investigation, ginseng plants raised in acidic soil and containing a high amount of Mn showed marginal leaf chlorosis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.57-63
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• 1986

Atmospheric particulate matter (A.P.M.) was collected on quartz fiber filters from March 1985 to May 1986 according to particle size using Andersen high-volume air sampler, and 6 heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb) in these particulates were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The arithmetic mean concentration of A.P.M. was 195.57$\mug/m^3$. The arithmetic mean concentrations of 6 metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) were 3385.04, 1451.67, 897.94, 159.68, 127.14 and 59.49 $ng/m^3$ respectively. The order of heavy metals contributing to A.P.M. was as follows: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni. These heavy metals were devided into 3 groups according to their particle size distribution. The contents of heavy metals belonging to the 1st group (Fe, Mn) were increased with the particle size. On the contrary, the content of Pb belonging to the 2nd group (Pb) was increased with the decrease in the particle size. The heavy metal contents in the 3rd group (Ni, Cu, Zn) were lowest in the particle size range of 2.0-3.3 $\mum$ compared with particles larger or smaller tha this range. The seasonal variation of heavy metal concentration were as follows: Fe and Mn contents were highest in spring, but Ni and Pb contents were highest in winter. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between A.P.M. and Fe in coarse particles, meanwhile between A.P.M. and Pb in the case of fine particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 1996

Austenite(${\gamma}$) grain size, ${\varepsilon}$ martensite volume fraction and damping capacity of Fe-17%Mn alloy have been investigated as a function of solution treatment temperature of $600^{\circ}C$ to $1100^{\circ}C$. With increasing the solution temperature, ${\gamma}$ grain size, ${\varepsilon}$ martensite content and damping capacity are increased, while the hardness is decreased. When ${\gamma}$ grains are small, ${\varepsilon}$ plates grow in only one direction in each ${\gamma}$ grain. However, if the ${\gamma}$ grains are large in accordance with high solution treating temperature, several ${\varepsilon}$ variants with different orientations are formed and intersected each other in each ${\gamma}$ grain. In spite of small ${\varepsilon}$ martensite content, the damping capacity of the specimen which was annealed at $700^{\circ}C$, followed by subzero treatment at $-196^{\circ}C$, is almost equal to that of the specimen annealed at $1000^{\circ}C$ and subsequently quenched to room temperature. From this result it is suggested that the damping capacity of Fe-17%Mn alloy having fine ${\gamma}$ grains is mainly attributed to the movement of ${\gamma}/{\varepsilon}$ interface without the operation of other damping sources such as ${\varepsilon}/{\varepsilon}$ boundaries and stacking faults in ${\varepsilon}$ reported previously.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 1990

This study has been carried out to investigate into some effects of Mn content with varying amounts and austenite grain size on hardenability in boron-added Fe-C-Cr-Mo alloy systems. (1) Austenite grains have been found to hardly grow in the temperature range of $900^{\circ}C$ to $950^{\circ}C$, whereas they grow rapidly in the temperature range of $975^{\circ}C$ to $1100^{\circ}C$. (2) Austenite grain growth is considerably small with increasing holding time at a given austenitizing temperature and is, in particular, hardly found to occur at a temperature of $900^{\circ}C$. (3) The hardenability improves ramarkably as Mn content is increased at three different austenitizing temperatures $900^{\circ}C$, $1000^{\circ}C$ and $1100^{\circ}C$. (4) The maximum hardenability is obtained from steels A, B and C austenitized at the $900^{\circ}C$, although Mn content is varied in each specimen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.139-149
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• 1986

Compositional variation of sphalerites from various hydrothermal metallic ore deposits in Korea were investigated in mine and local, and regional scale. The sphalerites were partially analyzed for iron, manganese, and cadmium by using an electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA). The contents of iron and cadmium in sphalerites collected from the Weolam deposit of the No.1 Yeonhwa mine are not variable with increase of depth, but manganese content is highly variable. Sphalerites from lead-zinc deposits which are geologically associated with hypabyssal and effusive activity are characterized by high manganese (more than 1.0 MnS mole %) and low cadmium contents (less than 0.5 CdS mole %). Relatively manganese rich sphalerites are found in the deposits where sphalerites are enriched in iron content. Variation of cadmium content is very limited compared with that of manganese content. Sphalerites from most tungsten and some gold-silver deposits are remarkably high in cadmium content, but most of base metal and iron deposits are low in cadmium content. Cadmium content in sphalerites which occur in the metallic ore deposits genetically associated with plutonic activity shows a tendency to high variation. Available amounts of cadmium in sphalerites could be originated from the initial enrichment during the magmatic and postmagmatic processes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.484-487
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• 2012

A discrimination technique for domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis was developed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF). Mineral content ratios, of a total of 43 species, including P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, were measured among 204 samples. Macro element content ratios and trace element content ratios were determined using the standardless fundamental parameters (SLFP) analysis. Inorganic element ratios of P, S, K, Ca, Cl, Mn, and Fe were significantly different between domestic and imported samples. The result from the canonical discriminant analysis showed that the accuracy of geographical origin discrimination was 95.15%; the correlation coefficient was 0.888. It was concluded that this technique could be used as a useful method in discriminating the geographical origins between domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2017

Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) have important roles for development and growth in plants but it also have roles in animals and humans. In previous studies, a Korean weedy rice, KH2J was selected to have tolerance to heavy metal, lead (Pb) compared with a cultivar, Milyang23. To identify QTLs for micronutrients concentration in grain, an F2 population (120 plants) were developed from a cross between KH2J and an indica rice cultivar, Milyang23. To measure the concentration of eight ions, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), grains were collected and digested with 65% nitric acid, and the ion contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A total 27 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on 12 chromosomes by single point analysis and 22 putative QTLs were detected by composite interval mapping. The co-locations of QTL for Zn, Fe and Mn were observed on chromosome 5. The QTLs for Cd, Cu and Zn were co-localized on chromosome 10, and QTLs for Zn, As and Mn was on chromosome 12. The Zn concentration in F2 generation showed significant correlation with concentrations of As (r = -0.4), Cu (r = 0.5) and Fe (r = 0.2) (P < 0.01). Also, the Ca concentration was significantly related with Mn and Fe concentrations (P < 0.01). Fine mapping of these QTLs is underway to analyze their functional relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2005

In this study, the effects of C and Si on damping capacity and mechanical properties of as-cast and as-rolled Fe-17%Mn alloys were investigated as a basic study for the purpose of the commercialization of the alloy. The $M_s$ temperature of ${\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\varepsilon}$ martensitic transformation in Fe-17%Mn alloy was decreased with increasing C and Si contents, resulting in the less volume fraction of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite. The damping capacity was also decreased with increasing alloying content because of less ${\varepsilon}$ amount and the reduction in mobility of the damping sources such as the stacking fault boundaries and ${\gamma}/{\varepsilon}$ interfaces due to the pinning effect by alloying elements. The mechanical properties of as-rolled alloys were superior to those of as-cast alloys probably because of finer ${\gamma}$ grains, larger amount of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite, and chemical homogeneity.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2013

Nickel substituted manganese ferrites, $Mn_{1-x}Ni_xFe_2O_4$ ($0.0{\leq}x{\leq}0.6$), were fabricated by sol-gel method. The effects of sintering and substitution on their crystallographic and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray diffractometry of $Mn_{0.6}Ni_{0.4}Fe_2O_4$ ferrite sintered above 523 K indicated a spinel structure; particles increased in size with hotter sintering. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectrum of this ferrite sintered at 523 K could be fitted as a single quadrupole doublet, indicative of a superparamagnetic phase. Sintering at 573 K led to spectrum fitted as the superposition of two Zeeman sextets and a single quadrupole doublet, indicating both ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic phase. Sintering at 673 K and at 773 K led to spectra fitted as two Zeeman sextets due to a ferrimagnetic phase. The saturation magnetization and the coercivity of $Mn_{0.6}Ni_{0.4}Fe_2O_4$ ferrite sintered at 773 K were 53.05 emu/g and 142.08 Oe. In $Mn_{1-x}Ni_xFe_2O_4$ ($0.0{\leq}x{\leq}0.6$) ferrites, sintering of any composition at 773 K led to a single spinel structure. Increased Ni substitution decreased the ferrites' lattice constants and increased their particle sizes. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectra could be fitted as the superposition of two Zeeman sextets due to the tetrahedral and the octahedral sites of the $Fe^{3+}$ ions. The variations of saturation magnetization and coercivity with changing Ni content could be explained using the changes of particle size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.976-982
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• 2007

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.