• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.341-344
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary bentonite supplementation on the fatty acid profiles of eggs in older laying hens. A total of 90 Hy-line Brown layers, 74 weeks of age, were confined in 6 wire cages and then assigned randomly to two groups to receive one of the two diets (3 replicates of 15 older layers each) containing 0 and 0.2% bentonite for 4 weeks. After the 4-week feeding trial, no remarkable differences in individual fatty acid, saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels were found. However, linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and UFA/SFA ratio were influenced by 0.2% bentonite. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.2% bentonite improved the profiles of PUFA more than those of SFA, UFA, and MUFA inthe eggs of the older laying hens.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.689-711
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• 2022

The purpose of our study was to determine the impact of rosemary extract in duck eggs, as determined by in vitro antioxidant capacity, lipid oxidation, fatty acid profiles, and flavor analyses. Three groups of salted duck eggs were compared: A control group and group enriched with 0.1% and 0.5% (w/v) rosemary extracts for 28 days of salting. In a time-dependent manner, the radical scavenging activity and reduction power of eggs with 0.5% (w/v) rosemary extract were significantly higher those of the control at 28 days after salting. The fatty acid profiles of salted egg were significantly affected by rosemary extract and salting time. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in salted egg treated with rosemary extract, followed by linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Furthermore, the treated eggs contained more docosahexaenoic acid than the control ones. And the treated eggs also have a considerable impact on the lipid oxidation process (primary and secondary oxidation). As a result, rosemary extract can be used as a natural antioxidant spice to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of eggs during storage. Furthermore, flavor research using solid phase microextraction - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and an electronic nose demonstrated that adding rosemary extract to salted eggs could give them a distinct flavor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2015

Two hundred and sixteen Institut de S$\acute{e}$lection Animale (ISA) brown layers (40 wks of age) were studied for 6 wks to examine the effect of microalgae powder (MAP) on egg production, egg quality, blood lipid profile, and fatty acid concentration of egg yolk. Dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON (basal diet), ii) 0.5% MAP (CON+0.5% Schizochytrium powder), and iii) 1.0% MAP (CON+1.0% Schizochytrium powder). From 44 to 46 wks, egg production was higher in 1.0% MAP treatment than in control treatment (linear, p = 0.034); however, there was no difference on the egg production from 40 to 43 wks (p>0.05). Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly reduced in the groups fed with MAP, compared to those in groups fed with control diets (Quadratic, p = 0.034 and p = 0.039, respectively). Inclusion of 0.5% MAP in the diet of layers improved egg yolk color, compared with hens fed with basal diet at 46 wks (quadratic, p = 0.044). Eggshell thickness was linearly increased in MAP-fed treatments at 46th wk (p<0.05). Concentration of yolk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) was increased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). The n-6 fatty acids, n-6/n-3 fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid were decreased in treatment groups fed with MAP (linear, p<0.05). These results suggest that MAP improved the egg production and egg quality, and may affect serum lipid metabolites in the layers. In addition, MAP increases yolk DHA levels, and deceases n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.786-791
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• 2010

The effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens were studied in a 35-d experiment. Two-hundred and forty (ISA brown) layers aged 41 weeks were randomly allocated into the following four treatments: i) CON (basal diet); ii) G1 (CON+fermented garlic powder 1.0%); iii) G2 (CON+fermented garlic powder 2.0%) and iv) G3 (CON+fermented garlic powder 3.0%). There were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments in egg production, egg weight, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness throughout the whole experimental period. However, yolk height was increased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of fermented garlic powder during the 5th week while yolk color was greater (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in CON and G1 in the 5th week. Compared with CON, Haugh unit was increased (p<0.05) in response to fermented garlic powder treatments during the 5th week. No significant effects on total protein, albumin and IgG were observed in response to any of the treatments over the experimental period (p>0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration when the dietary level of fermented garlic powder was increased from 0.0 to 3.0%. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in response to G2 and G3 while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 treatment groups than in CON and G1. Compared with other treatments, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.05) in G3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of fermented garlic powder reduced plasma cholesterol concentration and did not cause adverse effects on production performance. Moreover, addition of 3.0% garlic powder decreased SFA but increased PUFA and PUFA:SFA ratio in egg yolk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2018

본 연구는 산란 후기사료에 마늘발효액을 수준별로 첨가 급여시 산란계의 생산성, 계란품질 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 79주령 로만브라운 산란계를 4개 처리구 6반복으로 반복 당 18수씩 총 432수를 배치하였고, 각 처리구에 마늘발효액을 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% 및 0.20%로 4주간 급여하였다. 산란 수와 난중은 매일 조사하였고, 계란품질, 난황지방산 및 혈액성상은 사양실험 종료 후 분석하였다. 본 연구결과, 산란율과 사료요구율은 마늘발효액 급여구에서 대조구에 비하여 수치적으로 개선되었지만, 처리구간에 통계적 차이가 없었고, 난각강도와 두께도 마늘발효액 첨가수준에 따른 유의성이 없었다. 계란의 난백 높이와 호우유닛은 마늘발효액 첨가수준에 따라 일관적으로 증가하여 0.20%급여구에서 제일 높게 나타났으며, 대조구에 비하여 통계적으로 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 난황지방산은 마늘발효액의 0.10%와 0.20% 첨가구에서 포화지방산은 감소되었고, 단일불포화지방산과 전체 불포화지방산은 현저하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 혈중 알부민, AST 및 ALT은 처리구간에 차이가 없었지만, 중성지방과 콜레스테롤은 0.20% 급여구에서 대조구에 비해 매우 감소하였다(P<0.05). 또한 HDL콜레스테롤은 마늘발효액 0.10%와 0.20% 급여구에서 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였고(P<0.05), 세포성 면역능 지표인 IL-2 mRNA와 CD4+CD8+의 비율도 0.10%와 0.20% 급여구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 통계적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 본 실험 결과, 산란 말기 사료에 마늘발효액 0.20% 수준의 급여로 대조구에 비하여 계란품질과 건강 및 혈중 면역인자는 개선되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 목초액 함유 활성탄(activated charcoal, AC)의 급여가 산란계에서 난생산성, 난질과 난각질, 혈액 내 콜레스테롤 분획과 효소 활성 및 난황 내 지질 조성의 변화에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 실시하였다. 총 192수의 56주령 Lohmann 갈색 계통의 실용 산란계를 4개의 처리구로 나누어 0% AC, 0.5% AC, 1% AC 및 2% AC를 함유하는 실험 사료를 각각 5주간 급여하였다. 사료 섭취량과 난 생산성은 매일 기록하였으며 할란 검사는 주 단위로 실시하였다. 사양실험 종료 시 각 공시계로부터 혈액을 채취하여 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도, GOT 및 GPT 활성을 조사하였다. 실험 종료일에 수거한 계란을 할란하여 난질을 검사한 후 난황을 채취하여 난황 내 콜레스테롤 함량과 지방산 조성을 측정하였고, 실험 3주와 5주의 계란을 1일, 7일, 14일간 저장 한 후 난황막 강도를 측정하였다. 난 생산성, 사료 섭취량 및 난황막 강도에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나, AC 2% 첨가구에서 난각강도와 Haugh unit의 유의한 개선이 관찰되었다(P<0.05). 난황계수 역시 AC 2% 첨가구에서 유의하게 증가하였으며, 난황색은 대조구에 비해 AC를 첨가한 모든 처리구에서 유의하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 저장시간의 경과에 따른 계란의 보존성을 난황막 강도를 지표로 조사하였을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 활성탄의 첨가가 난황막 강도의 저하를 다소 완화시키는 효과가 관찰되었다. 혈청 내 GOT 및 GPT 농도에서는 처리구간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, 혈청 콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도에서도 AC 첨가 효과는 인정되지 않았다. 난황 내 총지질 함량은 선형적으로 감소하였는데, AC 1%와 2% 첨가구에서 유의하게 낮아지는 결과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 난황 내 총 콜레스테롤 함량과 지방산 조성에서는 처리간에 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다.본 연구에서는 산란계 사료 내 AC의 첨가 급여가 난각 강도, Haugh unit 및 난황색, 난황계수를 개선시킴으로서 고품질 계란 생산을 위한 기능성 첨가제로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. (색인어 : 활성탄, 목초액, 생산성, 난각강도, 호우유니트, 산란계)