• ALGAE
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2016

Arctic microalgae thrive and support primary production in extremely cold environment. Three Arctic green microalgal strains collected from freshwater near Dasan Station in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Arctic, were analyzed to evaluate the optimal growth conditions and contents of fatty acids. The optimal growth temperature for KNF0022, KNF0024, and KNF0032 was between 4 and 8℃. Among the three microalgal strains, KNF0032 showed the maximal cell number of 1.6 × 107 cells mL^-1 at 4℃. The contents of fatty acids in microalgae biomass of KNF0022, KNF0024, and KNF0032 cultured for 75 days were 37.34, 73.25, and 144.35 mg g^-1 dry cell weight, respectively. The common fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analyzed from Arctic green microalgae consisted of palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0), 5,8,11-heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C17:3), oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1), linoleic acid methyl ester (C18:2), and α-linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3). KNF0022 had high levels of heptadecanoic acid methyl ester (26.58%) and heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (22.17% of the total FAMEs). In KNF0024 and KNF0032, more than 72.09% of the total FAMEs consisted of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid methyl ester from KNF0032 was detected at a high level of 20.13% of the FAMEs. Arctic freshwater microalgae are able to increase the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids under a wide range of growth temperatures and can also be used to produce valuable industrial materials.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.541-543
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• 2006

The feasibility of biodiesel production from soapstock by acid catalyst was tested. The water content of soapstock was more than 40%. Before the esterification of soapstock, the pre-treatment of soapstock was conducted adding potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The pre-treated soapstock contained 99.6wt% of free fatty acid. When the free fatty acid was esterified with methanol, the fatty acid methyl ester content became 91.7wt% under the solid acid catalyst, Amberlyst-15. When this biodiesel was distilled the methyl ester content was 98.1wt% which satisfied the biodiesel Standard. Amberlyst-15 could be recovered easily because it was the soliid catalyst. When sulfuric acid was used as the acid catalyst, the fatty acid methyl ester content was 91.0wt%. From the results, it was possible to produce biodiesel efficiently from soapstock after pre-treatment. Because soapstock is very cheap, it will become good feedstock for biodiesel product ion.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 1983

응고시(凝固時) pH에 따라 green LPC중(中)의 지방산(脂肪酸)관 sterol의 조성(組成)이 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보고져 Italian ryegrass, red clover, oats 및 alfalfa의 녹즙(綠汁)을 pH 4, 6, 8로 조성하여 가열응고(加熱凝固)시켜 green LPC를 만들어 실험한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Italian ryegrass, oats 및 alfalfa의 green LPC는 linoleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid의 순(順)으로 함량(含量)이 점점 많았고, 이 세 지방산(脂肪酸) methyl ester가 전체지방산(全體脂肪酸) methyl ester의 70.4%에서 86.2%를 점유했다. red clover의 green LPC는 palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid의 순(順)으로 함량(含量)이 많았고 이 세 지방산(脂肪酸) methyl ester는 전체지방산(全體脂肪酸) methyl ester의 82.5%에서 86.2% 범위였다. 2. red clover, oats 및 alfalfa의 green LPC는 pH4, pH6, pH8에서 가열응고(加熱凝固)한 LPC순(順)으로 linolenic acid의 함량(含量)이 점점 많았다. Italian ryegrass의 green LPC는 pH4, pH8, pH6에서 가열응고(加熱凝固)시킨 LPC순(順)으로 linolenic acid의 함량(含量)이 점점 많았다. 3. red clover와 alfalfa의 green LPC에서 cholesterol이 검출(檢出)되었다. 모든 green LPC에서 campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol이 검출(檢出)되었다. 4. 일반적으로 pH6, pH4, pH8에서 가열응고(加熱凝固)시켜 조제(調製)한 green LPC순(順)으로 sterol의 함량(含量)이 점점 많았다. 다만 alfalfa의 green LPC는 pH4, pH6, pH8에서 가열응고(加熱凝固)시켜 조제(調製)한 LPC순(順)으로 sterol의 함량(含量)이 점점 많았다.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

Oil was extracted from cashew nuts. The physicochemical parameters of the oil were determined. A chromatographic assay of the oil was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Seventeen compounds were detected: Phenol, Phenol 2-methyl-, Cyclohexene 4, 4-dimethyl-, m-Fluoro-2-diazoacetophenone 4-dimethyl-, Tetradecanoic acid, Phenol 4-octyl-, n-Hexadecanoic acid. Others are 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) - methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl stearate, Dodecanoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z, Z, Z)-, Oleic acid, Octadecanoic acid, Tetracosanoic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Among the components are omega three and omega six essential free fatty acids. The rheological profiling and flow properties of cashew nut oil were determined using a Programmable Rheometer. Cashew nut oil exhibits slight dilatant behaviour at the low end of shear rate. The long chain and high molecular weight of its constituents controlled its rheology. Long-chained 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) - methyl ester, Tetracosanoic acid and methyl stearate, coupled with their high molecular weights are responsible for the shear thickening effect observed. Two models, Carreau-Yasuda and Ostwald-de Waele Power Law were employed to fit the rheological data. The Carreau-Yasuda model followed well the data.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2013

In this paper, we analysed fatty acid methyl ester contents in the biodiesel which is produced from the newly developed biodiesel production equipment. The lard oil was used as the raw material through various experimental conditions. Thirty one experiments were conducted, which were based on the experimental conditions that designed by central composite design method. The effects of four independent variables, including reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount, were investigated at five levels using central composite design (CCD). Fatty acid methyl ester content was chosen dependent variable. Although the results of analysis of the surface with an irregular surface geometry showed that the biodiesel was partially impure after the reaction due to the natural characteristics of the lard oil as the raw material, we could confirm the relationship between them from the facts that the production amount of fatty acid methyl ester changes according to reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.85-89
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• 1991

한국 남해안 소흑산도에서 채집한 해면 V.japonica H.로부터 통상적인tetradecanoic 및 hexadecanoic methyl ester 이외에 탄소가 홀수인 pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic methyl ester와 가지달린 12-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic, 15-methylhexadecanoic 및 14-methylhexadecanoic methyl ester가 발견되었으며, 주 sterol 성분으로는 cholesterol과 소량의 ergost-25-ene-3,5,6-triol이 검출되었다. 한편, 여수 돌산도에서 채집한 해면 H.sinapium의 주 sterol성분은 5${\alpha}$-cholestan-3${\beta}$-ol이었고 cholesterol은 소량으로 얻어졌다. 지방산으로는 팔미틴산, 팔미토레인산, 올레인산, 스테아린산 및 리놀레인산 에틸에스터 이외에 상당량의 arachidonic산 에틸에스터가 함유되어 있었다. 상기 지역에서 채집한 또 다른 해면에서는 상당량의 tetradecanoic tetradecyl 및 hexadecyl ester와 sterol 성분으로 cholesteryl acetic 및 fatty acid ester가 함유되어 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.532-535
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 식물성 오일의 에스테르화 반응에 초음파에너지를 도입하여 지방산 methyl ester를 제조하였다. 초음파 에너지가 에스테르화 반응에 도입될 경우 반응온도의 가열효과뿐만 아니라 교반효과를 동시에 가져올 수 있어 반응시간 단축 및 지방산 methyl ester 수율의 증가를 가져올 수 있다. 그러나 초음파에너지가 에스테르화 반응에 도입될 때 연속적인 초음파에너지의 조사로 인한 반응온도의 계속적인 상승이 문제점으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 cooling system을 이용하여 반응온도의 상승을 억제하여 실험을 수행한 결과 기존공정보다 빠른 30 min 만에 93%의 지방산 methyl ester 수율을 확인하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2019

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of montmorillonite (MMT), which is commonly used as a catalyst, on the conversion and selectivity of the dimer acid methyl ester (DAME) synthesis. We synthesize DAME by the dimerization of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester (CLAME) and oleic acid methyl ester using MMT KSF. Incidentally, trimer acid methyl ester was formed as a by-product during the DAME synthesis. There is a necessity to adequately adjust the strength and quantity of the acid site to control the selectivity of DAME. Therefore, we vary the pH of the MMT acid by using various metal hydroxides. The purpose of this study is to increase the yield of monocyclic dimer acid methyl ester, which is a substance with adequate physical properties for industrial applications (e.g., lubricant and adhesive, etc.), using a heterogeneous catalyst. We report the dimerization of fatty acid methyl ester by using base treated-KSF, and apply it to conjugated soybean oil methyl ester. Then, we transmute the acid site properties of KSF, such as pH of 5 wt.% slurry KSF and various alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Ca). Characterization of base treated-KSF using a pH meter, x-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption. We conduct an analysis of CLAME and DAME using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Through these experiments, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of KSF on the conversion and selectivity of the DAME synthesis, and evaluate its industrial potential by application to waste vegetable oil.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.747-751
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• 2008

수분이나 유리지방산 함량이 높은 폐식용유의 적용 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 초임계메탄올을 이용한 바이오디젤 연료의 합성에서 첨가물이 미치는 영향에 대해 실험하였다. 회분식 반응기를 이용하여 물, 유리지방산, 항산화물질의 함량을 달리하여 전이에스테르화반응을 진행하였고, 기체크로마토그래피를 이용해 시료에 포함된 지방산메틸에스테르의 양을 측정하였다. 수분이 증가함에 따라 생성되는 지방산메틸에스테르의 함량이 약간 감소했으나 염기촉매나 산촉매에 비해서는 그 폭이 아주 작았다. 유리지방산, 비타민 E, ${\beta}$-카로틴의 함량 변화에 따른 영향은 거의 없었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

Methyl glycoside oleic acid polyester was successfully prepared from methyl glycosides and methyl oleate by emulsion interesterification in the presence of methyl fructoside oleic acid polyester as an emulsifier. Emulsion interesterification process was optimized to obtain 98% yield of methyl glycoside polyester within $3{\sim}5hr$ at temperatures as relatively low as $90{\sim}150^{\circ}C$ and $20{\sim}200mmHg$ pressure with a five-fold molar ratio of oleic acid methyl ester to methyl glycoside in the presence of 2(w/w)% potassium carbonate and 2O(v/v)% methyl fructoside polyester based on oleic acid methyl ester.