• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 1981

한국에서 사육되고 있는 오리의 식용화를 검토하기 위하여 시도하였다. 시장에서 구입한 오리고기를 일반분석하여 수분 62.87%, 조단백질 19.06%, 조지방 17.05%, 회분 1.02%를 나타냈으며 오리고기 단백질을 GLC로 분석하여 거의 모든 필수아미노산이 함유되어 있음을 알 수 있었고 트리프토판이 제한 아이노산 이었다. 한편 오리고기의 지방산을 GLC로 분석하여 oleic acid가 많았고 linoleic acid도 상당량 함유되었음을 알 수 있었고 지방산의 P/S 비는 3.4를 나타냈다. 그리고 오리고기의 콜레스테롤 함량은 70.5mg%를 나타냈고 인지질도 많은 양이 함유되었으며 특히 레시틴이 많았다. 도살 후 2시간까지는 APT-phosphorus의 유리는 높은 온도에서 훨씬 빨리 되어지며, 근원단백질의 ATPase활성은 EDTA, 금속이온의 농도가 증가하면 억제를 받고 농도가 감소되면 활성은 증가되었다. 오리고기를 상이한 조건에서 조리하고 pepsin을 첨가하여 좋은 소화상태를 알 수 있었다. 이는 오리고기가 동물성 단백질이 풍부하며 소화도 잘 되므로 좋은 동물성 단백질원이 된다고 생각되어 진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.823-829
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• 2016

Eight Holstein steers ($216{\pm}48kg$ body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate effects of wheat straw processing (ground vs pelleted) at two straw inclusion rates (7% and 14%; dry matter basis) in dry rolled or steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on characteristics of digestion. The experimental design was a split plot consisting of two simultaneous $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. Increasing straw level reduced ruminal (p<0.01) and total tract (p = 0.03) organic matter (OM) digestion. As expected, increasing wheat straw level from 7% to 14% decreased (p<0.05) ruminal and total tract digestion of OM. Digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch, per se, were not affected (p>0.10) by wheat straw level. Likewise, straw level did not influence ruminal acetate and propionate molar proportions or estimated methane production (p>0.10). Pelleting straw did not affect ($p{\geq}0.48$) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, and starch, or microbial efficiency. Ruminal feed N digestion was greater (7.4%; p = 0.02) for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets. Although ruminal starch digestion was not affected by straw processing, post-ruminal (p<0.01), and total-tract starch (p = 0.05) digestion were greater for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets, resulting in a tendency for increased post-ruminal (p = 0.06) and total tract (p = 0.07) OM digestion. Pelleting wheat straw decreased (p<0.01) ruminal pH, although ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and estimated methane were not affected ($p{\geq}0.27$). Ruminal digestion of OM and starch, and post-ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, starch and N were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal NDF digestion was greater (p = 0.02) for dry rolled than for steam-flaked corn, although total tract NDF digestion was unaffected (p = 0.94). Ruminal microbial efficiency and ruminal degradation of feed N were not affected (p>0.14) by corn processing. However, microbial N flow to the small intestine and ruminal N efficiency (non-ammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake) were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration were not affected ($p{\geq}0.16$) by corn processing method. Compared with dry rolled corn, steam-flaked corn-based diets resulted in decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.02). It is concluded that at 7% or 14% straw inclusion rate, changes in physical characteristics of wheat straw brought about by pelleting negatively impact OM digestion of both steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn-based finishing diets. This effect is due to decreased post-ruminal starch digestion. Replacement of ground straw with pelleted straw also may decrease ruminal pH.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.413-426
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• 2014

벼 수확 후 지역브랜드로 유통되는 벼의 저장 중 저장온도 및 저장기간에 따른 이화학적 특성, 지방산도 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 조사할 목적으로 신동진, 일미, 추청, 호품, 히또메보레 등 5품종을 저장온도를 달리하여 저장한 후 4개월마다 밥의 조직감(texture), 알칼리붕괴도(ADV), 도요 윤기치, 밥의 호화특성, 지방산도 및 지방산 조성 등을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밥의 경도는 밥의 씹힘성과 고도로 유의한 정의 상관관계를 나타냈고 밥의 부착성과는 부의 상관관계를 나타냈으며 밥의 응집성은 밥의 탄력성과 정의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 밥의 경도는 저장기간이 길어질수록 증가하였고 밥의 응집성은 저장전과 비교해서 저장온도 및 저장기간에 따라 품종 간 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2. 알칼리붕괴도는 품종 및 저장기간에 따라 다소 차이는 있으나 저장온도에 의한 영향은 미미하였다. 일미와 추청의 경우는 저장온도 및 저장기간에 따른 변화가 거의 없었으나 신동진, 호품 및 히또메보레의 경우는 상온저장의 경우 저장기간에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않은 반면 저온저장의 경우는 저장기간이 길어질수록 ADV 값은 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 3. 도요윤기치는 저장초기에는 품종 및 저장온도에 따라 품종간 차이는 크지 않았고 대체로 저장 후 4개월 이후부터 상온 및 저온저장 모두 도요윤기치 값이 떨어지는 경향이었다. 4. 밥의 호화특성은 상온저장에서 최고점도의 경우 신동진, 호품, 히또메보레 품종은 일미와 추청에 비해 저장기간이 길어질수록 저장전보다 확연히 높게 나타났다. 강하점도 또한 상온저장시 저장전보다 저장기간이 길어질수록 높아졌으며 치반점도는 저장온도와 큰 상관없이 저장전보다 저장기간이 길어질수록 낮게 나타났다. 5. 현미의 지방산도는 저온저장보다 상온저장의 경우에 저장전과 비교하여 저장기간이 길어질수록 그 증가폭이 컸고 백미의 지방산도는 저장전과 비교하여 저장 8개월 후부터는 지방산도가 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 6. 지방산 조성의 변화는 현미의 포화지방산 함량의 경우 저장 전에 비해 일미와 추청 품종은 저장기간이 경과할수록 높아지는 경향이었으나 신동진, 일미 및 히또 메보레 품종의 경우는 저장기간이 경과하더라도 저장전과 비슷한 함량을 유지하였다. 또한 백미의 포화지방산 함량은 저장기간이 경과하더라도 상온저장 및 저온저장 모두 저장 전과 비슷한 함량을 유지하였다. 현미의 지방산 중 oleic acid와 linoleic acid의 함량은 저장 전부터 품종간 차이를 나타냈고 그 외의 지방산 함량의 변화는 저장 4개월 후부터 품종 간 차이가 나타났다. 백미의 지방산 중 linoleinic acid와 stearic acid의 경우 검출된 함량은 적으나 저장 4개월 후에 그 함량이 현저히 감소하였고 palmitic acid는 저장기간이 경과할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.674-680
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1557-1566
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• 2007

Ten male crossbred (Thai $Native{\times}Anglo$ Nubian) goats with average live weight of $27{\pm}2$ kg were randomly assigned according to a $5{\times}5$ replicated Latin square design to receive five diets, $T_1$ = concentrate with 0% cassava chip (CC), $T_2$ = 25% CC, $T_3$ = 50% CC, $T_4$ = 75% CC and $T_5$ = 100% CC. Fresh elephant grass (FEG) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups regarding DM intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, NDF and ADF), except for $T_5$ (100% CC) which was lowest (p<0.05) in digestion coefficient of CP than $T_1$ and $T_3$. Rumen parameters (ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N and volatile fatty acids), blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose and packed cell volume were similar among treatments. Moreover, rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by cassava inclusion. The amount of N absorption and retention were similar among treatments, except for $T_5$ which tended to be slightly lower. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that the optimal level of cassava inclusion to replace corn in goat diets was in the range of 25-75% of CC when fed with FEG and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for goat production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2020

Objective: In the present study, an liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics approach was performed to investigate potential biomarkers of milk production in high- and low-milk-yield dairy cows and to establish correlations among rumen fluid metabolites. Methods: Sixteen lactating dairy cows with similar parity and days in milk were divided into high-yield (HY) and low-yield (LY) groups based on milk yield. On day 21, rumen fluid metabolites were quantified applying LC/MS. Results: The principal component analysis and orthogonal correction partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significantly separated clusters of the ruminal metabolite profiles of HY and LY groups. Compared with HY group, a total of 24 ruminal metabolites were significantly greater in LY group, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives (L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-tyrosine, etc.), diazines (uracil, thymine, cytosine), and palmitic acid, while the concentrations of 30 metabolites were dramatically decreased in LY group compared to HY group, included gentisic acid, caprylic acid, and myristic acid. The metabolite enrichment analysis indicated that protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly different between the two groups. Correlation analysis between the ruminal microbiome and metabolites revealed that certain typical metabolites were exceedingly associated with definite ruminal bacteria; Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Synergistetes phyla were highly correlated with most metabolites. Conclusion: These findings revealed that the ruminal metabolite profiles were significantly different between HY and LY groups, and these results may provide novel insights to evaluate biomarkers for a better feed digestion and may reveal the potential mechanism underlying the difference in milk yield in dairy cows.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2003

$TAO^{TM}$ System is an auto-heated thermophilic aerated digestion process using a proprietary microbe called as a Phototropic Bacteria (PTB). High metabolic activity results in heat generation, which enables to produce a pathogen-free and digested liquid fertilizer at short retention times. TAO$^{TM}$ system has been developed to reduce a manure volume and convert into the liquid fertilizer using swine manure since 1992. About 100 units have been installed and operated in Korean swine farms so far. TAO$^{TM}$ system consists of a reactor vessel and ejector-type aeration pumps and foam removers. The swine slurry manure enters into vessel with PTB and is mixed and aerated. The process is operated at detention times from 2 to 4 days and temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$. Foams are occurred and broken down by foam removers to evaporate water contents. Generally, at least 30% of water content is evaporated, 99% of volatile fatty acids caused an odor are removed and pathogen destruction is excellent with fecal coliform, rotavirus and salmonella below detection limits. The effluent from TAO$^{TM}$ system, called as the "TAO EFFLUX", is screened and has superb properties as a fertilizer. Normally N-P-K contents of screened TAO Efflux are 4.7 g/L, 0.375 g/L and 2.8 g/L respectively. The fertilizer effect of TAO EFFLUX compared to chemical fertilizer has been demonstrated and studied with various crops such as rice, potato, cabbage, pumpkin, green pepper, parsley, cucumber and apple. Generally it has better fertilizer effects and excellent soil fertility improvement effects. Moreover, the TAO EFFLUX is concentrated through membrane technology without fouling problems for a cost saving of long distance transportation and a commercialization (crop nutrient commodity) to a gardening market, for example.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1051-1059
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• 2022

This study investigated microbial communities and their diversity in a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic digester treating sewage sludge. Influent sewage sludge and anaerobic digester samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Busan were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. It was found that the microbial community structure and diversity in the anaerobic digester could be affected by inoculation effect with influent sewage sludge. Nevertheless, distinct microbial communities were identified as the dominant microbial communities in the anaerobic digester. Twelve genera were identified as abundant bacterial communities, which included several groups of syntrophic bacteria communities, such as Candidatus Cloacimonas, Cloacimonadaceae W5, Smithella, which are (potential) syntrophic-propionate-oxidizing bacteria and Mesotoga and Thermovigra, which are (potential) syntrophic-acetate-oxidizing bacteria. Lentimicrobium, the most abundant genus in the anaerobic digester, may contribute to the decomposition of carbohydrates and the production of volatile fatty acids during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Of the methanogens identified, Methanollinea, Candidatus Methanofastidiosum, Methanospirillum, and Methanoculleus were the dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and Methanosaeta was the dominant aceticlastic methanogens. The findings may be used as a reference for developing microbial indicators to evaluate the process stability and process efficiency of the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.652-659
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• 2015

본 연구는 레토르트식품의 조지방, 포화지방, 트랜스지방의 영양성분 표시 값과 분석 값을 비교하여 소비자에게 신뢰성 있는 영양정보를 제공하는지를 확인하기 위해 카레류 21건, 짜장류 16건, 짜장 및 카레를 제외한 소스류 17건, 즉석조리식품 16건을 서울 및 경기지역을 중심으로 수거하여 식품공전에 따라 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 레토르트식품의 지방성분 함량 분포는 조지방 $0.47{\pm}0.42{\sim}17.41{\pm}0.41g/100g$, 포화지방 $0.24{\pm}0.02{\sim}7.60{\pm}0.40g/100g$, 트랜스지방 $0.00{\pm}0.00{\sim}0.46{\pm}0.05g/100g$의 범위를 보였으며, 이는 제품에 표시된 영양성분 함량 대비 각각 최대 회수율 값이 조지방(119.7%), 포화지방(119%), 트랜스지방(90%)로 모두 120%미만의 결과이며 레토르트 70건이 허용 오차 기준을 준수하고 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 레토르트식품에 표시된 조지방, 포화지방, 트랜스지방 함량은 소비자에게 신뢰성 있는 영양정보를 제공하고 있음을 확인하였으며, 현재 한국의 비만 유병률이 31~32%인 시점에서 소비자들이 식품에 표시된 조지방, 포화지방, 트랜스지방 함량을 확인하여 구매한다면 건강에 적합한 식품을 선택할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 지속적으로 의무영양표시 식품을 대상으로 제품에 표시된 영양표시의 기준이 준수되고 있는 지에 대한 영양성분 함량 표시 조사 연구가 필요하다고 본다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.608-619
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• 1998

The small and the large intestine of swine represent the organs that extract nutrients from feedstuffs through digestion and fermentation and that allow their absorption and incorporation into the blood circulation. Special attention is directed towards the small intestine of young pigs since the transition to a solid diet at weaning exerts major impacts on the structural and functional integrity of the small intestine. Dietary factors involved in postweaning changes of gut morphology and biochemistry such as removal of bioactive compounds in sows milk at weaning, anti-nutritional factors in weaner diets, dietary fiber and the role of voluntary feed intake will be elucidated. The microbial function of the large intestine which is carried out by a diverse population of microorganisms is dependent on substrate availability. Short chain fatty acids as main fermentation products contribute to the energy supply of the host but they are also important for the maintenance of the morphological and functional integrity of the epithelium in the colon. As a result of bacterial nitrogen assimilation in the large intestine, nitrogen is shifted from the urinary to the fecal excretion route thus saving metabolic energy to the pig because less ammonia would become available for conversion to urea.