• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop functional lotus root bugak with plasma lipid reduction capacity by controlling the color of batter used for bugak preparation. Lotus root, nearly colorless, was selected to observe color effects. Gardeniae fructus (GF), Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OF), and green tea (GT), which are colored yellow, red, and green, respectively, were used as coloring agents. Fermented glutinous rice was prepared naturally during winter season by placing glutinous rice and water (1:2, w/w) together in a crock pot for 7 days. Coloring materials (10%, w/w) were blended with glue made from fermented glutinous rice flour to prepare the batter. Cooked lotus root was then mixed with a 1.1-fold amount of batter (w/w) and dried at room temperature. Lotus root bugak (LRB) is pan-fried with un-roasted sesame oil, which is traditionally used as frying oil in Korea. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ($LDLr^{-/-}$) mice (n=36) were fed an atherogenic diet (AD) containing various types of LRB (10 g%) for 10 weeks. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C concentrations decreased significantly in mice fed LRB prepared with OF batter (OFB) and GT batter (GTB) (P<0.05). Protein expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) in the OFB and GTB groups were suppressed compared with the LRB group (P<0.05). In accordance with the results on FAS and HMGCR expression, sterol regulatory element binding protein-I and II (SREBP-I and II), which are responsible for the regulation of FAS and HMGCR gene expression, respectively, were down-regulated compared to the LRB group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the plasma lipid reduction activities of OFB and GTB could be mediated through down-regulation of FAS and HMGCR mRNA expression via suppression of regulatory molecules, SREBP-I and II, in $LDLr^{-/-}$ mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.933-940
• /
• 2013

In this study, methyl esters with different saturated fatty acids (SFA) were prepared by urea fractionation to make an oil-in-water emulsion. Emulsion characteristics (emulsion stability and oxidative stability) of the methyl ester emulsion were then studied at different percentages of methyl ester saturation (5, 28, 39, 50, and 72%, termed ${\Sigma}$SFA5, ${\Sigma}$SFA28, ${\Sigma}$SFA39, ${\Sigma}$SFA50, and ${\Sigma}$SFA72, respectively). The stability of emulsions (ES) with different SFA content was 46.0 (${\Sigma}$SFA5), 39.5 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 32.7 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 32.6 (${\Sigma}$SFA50), and 27.3 (${\Sigma}$SFA72). Results from Turbiscan showed that creaming or clarification, based on the backscattering intensity, was more pronounced with increases in the saturation degree of the emulsion. These results implied that the emulsions with lower saturation were more stable. During 30 days of storage, the lipid peroxide value increased for all emulsions, with the increase less pronounced with the increasing saturation of the emulsion; 1.880 (${\Sigma}$ SFA5), 1.267 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 1.062 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 0.342 (${\Sigma}$SFA50) and 0.153 (${\Sigma}$SFA72) mg $H_2O_2/mL$ emulsion. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly lower in emulsions with high saturation (4.419 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA50 and 4.226 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA72) than emulsions with low saturation (6.229 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA5, 6.801 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA28 and 6.246 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA39). In conclusion, the emulsions with a higher saturation degree of methyl esters showed lower emulsion stability but better oxidation stability.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 1998

Rats were studied during 45 minutes treadmill exercise to determine the effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on the utilization of cardiac muscle glycogen, and the utilization of diaphragm muscle glycogen was also studied for comparing to cardiac muscle. The hyperglycemia was produced by ingestion of 25% glucose solution(lml/100gm, BW) and the hyperlipidemia by 10% intralipose ingestion(lml/l00gm, BW) with intraperitoneal injection of heparin(500 IU) 15 minutes before treadmill exercise. The mean blood glucose concentrations(mg/dL) in control and hyperglycemic rats were 110 and 145, respectively, and the mean plasma free fatty acid concentrations(${\mu}Eq/L$) in control, control exercise(control-E) and hyperlipidemia exercise(HL-E) rats were 247, 260 and 444, respectively. In the hyperglycemic trial, the cardiac muscle glycogen concentration was not significantly decreased by the exercise but the concentration in control rats was decreased to 73.9%(p<0.05). The glycogen concentration of diaphragm was significantly decreased in both groups by the exercise, but the hyperglycemia decreased the glycogen utilization by approximately 10% compared to the control. The cardiac muscle glycogen concentration was not decreased by the exercise in control and hyperlipidemic rats but the utilization of glycogen in hyperlipidemic rats is lower than that of the control. These data illustrate the sparing effect of hyperglycemia on cardiac muscle glycogen usage during exercise, but the effect of hyperlipidemia was not conclusive. In the skeletal muscle, the usage of glycogen by exercise was spared by both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2008

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of red-yeast-rice supplementation on cholesterol-lowering and glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We conducted a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study with 3 groups; placebo, low dose group (red yeast rice 210.0mg/capsule, 2.52g/day) and high dose group (red yeast rice 420.0mg/capsule, 5.04g/day), which were randomly assigned to subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. We measured fasting serum concentrations of total-, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA) and 2 h oral glucose tolerence test (OGTT) before and after the supplementation. Both low dose and high dose groups had significant decrease in LDL cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Additionally, total and HDL cholesterol improved significantly in high dose group compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Fasting serum glucose decreased in test groups and increased in placebo group after intervention. However, it was not significant differences. In subjects which fasting blood glucose is more than 110mg/dL, fasting glucose had a tendency to decrease in high dose group (p<0.1) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) had significant decrease in low dose group (p<0.05), while insulin and HOMA-IR had a tendency to increase in placebo group after intervention. Mean changes of glucose related parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) compared with placebo group did not show significant differences. In conclusion, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance were significantly improved in serum lipid profile by red yeast rice supplementation without serious side effects. These are more effective in the case of a high dose. The effects of red yeast rice supplementation on glucose control were insignificant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.150-157
• /
• 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs on the improvement of blood glucose, lipid peroxides, lipids in the plasma and liver of strpetozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats in the experimental group were orally administered with combined extract of safflower seed (100 mg, 200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs (Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gaqler, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Mori Folium, Poria cocos, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eriobtrya japonica, Aralia continentalis Kitagawa, Zizyphus jujuba var, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and Schizandra chinensis Baill) for 4 weeks. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in diabetic groups than those of control group. These were no protective effect of the supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. Concentration of blood glucose was significantly higher in the diabetic groups than those in the control group. Blood glucose concentration was remarkably lower supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed (200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs. There was no significant difference of plasma lipid peroxides among experimental groups, while liver lipid peroxides of diabetic group was significantly higher in control group. But supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs was induced markedly lower in liver lipid peroxides in diabetic rats. Diabetic groups had markedly higher levels in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, while had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Triglyceride levels of plasma and liver were significantly lower with combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. But total cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid were no differing significantly among experimental groups.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.757-768
• /
• 2002

These study were conducted to determine the effects of a whole or steam-flaked corn based diet on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro and ruminal metabolism in the Korean Native Goat(KNG) in vivo. The experiments consisted of two dietary treatments: control, steam-flaked corn(SFC) based diet(80%) + rice straw mixed(20%)(SFCR); 100% whole corn based diet(WC). The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole corn on ruminal metabolism in vitro for 0 to 48 h. pH values were optimally maintained during incubation time, and were not significantly different between treatments. Gas production of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration tended to increase for WC, but not significantly different between treatments. The mean value of total volatile fatty acid concentration of WC was significantly lower than SFCR(p<0.01), but SFCR and WC linearly increased as the time of incubation approached 48 h. Mean value of acetate concentration of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). Propionate concentration of WC for the total incubation time was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01). The digestibility of dry matter was not significantly different between treatments, but SFCR was somewhat higher than WC. The second experiment was conducted to effect of whole shelled corn based diet on rumen metabolism in KNG. pH values tended to decrease through all treatments. There was not a significantly difference between treatments. Microbial protein yield of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration of WC was significantly (p<0.01) higher than SFCR. Total VFA and propionate concentration of WC was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01), but acetate concentrate of WC was not significantly higher than SFCR. The mean value of total lactate concentration was significantly(p<0.01) different but the value of SFCR and WC were lower than the average concentration of acidosis. In sacco DM disappearance rate of SFC was significantly(p<0.01) higher than WC.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.783-800
• /
• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high quality hay on the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty(20) Hanwoo(7 months old) were allocated into either Control(rice straw fed) or Treatment(timothy hay and rice straw fed) group(10 animals per group) and fed for 710 days until the animals reached at 30 months old. Concentrates were fed according to the feeding program composed with three(3) phases; growing, fattening, and finishing period. For the overall feeding period, final body weights were 761.3 and 799.6kg for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing 38.3kg heavier body weight in Treatment group. ADG were 0.79 and 0.84kg for Control Treatment groups, respectively. These results might be because of the intake of high quality hay during growing phase and the effects persisted until the end of the experiment. Feed intake tended to be higher in Treatment group whereas feed conversion did not show significant difference between groups. Cold carcass weights were 451.0 and 475.3kg for Control and Treatment, There were no significant difference between groups in both yield and quality grade. There were no remarkable differences in physico-chemical characteristics fatty acid composition of carcasses between groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed high quality hay such as timothy during growing period of Hanwoo steers to produce high quality beef with heavier live and carcass weight.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2011

To suggest the weed management technique for environment friendly rice cultivation, we investigated occurrence patterns of weeds, the actual condition of weed management, and rice yield at the environment friendly agricultural complex located in Honam and Chungnam regions. The practical performance of weed management was relatively satisfactory in decreasing order of agricultural technique with golden-apple-snail (GAS) > agricultural technique with duck (Duck) > agricultural technique with rice bran (RB) > agricultural technique with soft-shelled turtle (ST). In the rice fields employed by agricultural technique with GAS, the dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Monochoria vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Aneilema keisak. However, E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Aeschynomene indica and Bidens frondosa were found as dominant weeds at the fields using the Duck and E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Polyganum hydropiper and Eleocharis kuroguwai at the fields using RB. In comparison of rice yield ($5.2\;MT\;ha^{-1}$) obtained from the conventional cultivation using herbicides, about 93% was reached by Duck, about 91% by GAS, about 92% by RB, and about 78% by ST. When rice qualities obtained from environment friendly rice cultivation were compared with those from the conventional cultivation, the producing rates of perfect kernel, immature kernel, immature opaque kernel, cracked rice, and damaged kernel were lower in the former cultivation, whereas contents of protein, amylose, and fatty acid were similar in the two cultivation methods. The problems found in the environment friendly agriculture were poor plowing and harrowing, carless irrigation management, and geological poor condition as cultivation area with cold water. These have caused severe infestation of weeds, frequent incident of disease and insect pest, and rice lodging. This resulted in reduction of rice yield as high as about 32 to 79% as compared with the conventional cultivation using herbicides.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.250-257
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mountain grazing on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned. Control were fed concentrate + forage until 30 month of age. Treatment1 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 13 months. Treatment2 and 3 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 17 months. Hanwoo steers on Treatment 1 and 2 were slaughtered at the same age (30 months) as the control, and Hanwoo steers on Treatment 3 were slaughtered at 31 months. The average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the control than in the other treatments during the growing period (p<0.05). Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the TRT 3 and marbling score was higher in the TRT 1 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the meat composition and shear force of the longissimus muscle according to the mountain grazing. However, the yellowness (b) of fat colors were significantly lower in the control than in the TRT 1 and TRT 2 (p<0.05). The effect of grazing on fatty acid composition was not constant. In conclusion, mountain grazing could reduce meat color without affecting the growth and meat quality of Hanwoo steers, and further research on the quality, yield and intake of grassland would be needed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2011

The researchers have tried to reduce ruminal methane gas ($CH_4$) and to convert it into beneficial nutrient for several decades. This study was conducted to screen the methane-reducing vegetables among lettuce, hot pepper, spring onion, onion, turmeric, sesame leaf, garlic, radish sprout, leek and ginger nutritiously on the in vitro ruminal fermentation. The heat-treated vegetables at the 10% of substrate (timothy) were used to reduce methane production on the in vitro anaerobic experiment of 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation time. Total gas production, pH, ammonia, $H_2$, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were measured as indicators of in vitro fermentation product containing methane gas. All treatments except garlic showed a tendency to increase in total gas production. The result of ammonia showed that garlic and hot pepper affected rumen bacteria concerned protein metabolism and that lettuce and spring onion increased ammonia production. Garlic decreased $CH_4$ production in inverse proportion to $H_2$. Lettuce, spring onion, onion, garlic, radish sprout, leek and ginger increased propionate of VFA. Garlic balanced the ruminal fermentation in the pH, $H_2$, $CH_4$, acetate and propionate. This results showed that methane production at in vitro study was inhibited by heat-treated garlic supplementation. In conclusion, this study suggests that ruminal fermentation covering methane production might be controled by proper vegetables.