• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2010

Purpose: To study the thickness of gluteal subcutaneous fat (SCF) and propose an adequate length for needle for gluteal intramuscular injections based on computed tomography (CT) measurements. Methods: The thickness of gluteal SCF were measured and studied for 568 patients who visited a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea between January 2007 and February 2009 for routine health screening and who had abdominopelvic CT. Results: The average thickness of gluteal SCF was $15.92{\pm}4.08mm$ in males and $24.90{\pm}5.47mm$ in females. The thickness of gluteal SCF differed significantly according to gender. The gluteal SCF thickness was greater than 20.4 mm for 54 (12.3%) of the 440 male patients and 99 (77.3%) of the 128 female patients. Conclusion: The most common syringe needle used for gluteal intramuscular injections in Korea is a 23 G, 25.4 mm-needle. The SCF thickness must be less than 20.4 mm in order to reach the dorsogluteal muscles to a depth of at least 5 mm if this 25.4 mm needle is used. In many patients, especially in female patients, the 25.4 mm needles will result in improper intramuscular injections with the injection being into the SCF. Therefore an appropriate needle should be selected by considering the gender and SCF thickness of patients receiving gluteal intramuscular injections.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.181-181
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• 2003

Objectives : Vocal fold augmentation using injectable material is an easy and simple operation. This study is to evaluate the histology of minced and injected autologous auricular cartilage and fat graft in the augmentation of unilateral vocal fold paralysis using a canine model for two years. Study Design : A prospective study with the contralateral side of the larynx used as the control Methods : Twelve dogs were operated. At first, a piece of auricular cartilage was harvested from ear and minced into tiny chips with a scalpel and scissors. And also, a piece of fat tissue was harvested from inguinal area and minced into tiny chips with a scalpel and scissors. The minced cartilage and fat-paste (0.2ml) was injected using a pressure syringe into the paralyzed thyroarytenoid muscle under direct laryngoscopy. Two animals were sacrificed at 3 days, three at 3 weeks. two at 3 months. one at 6 months, one at 12 months, three at 24 months. Each dog underwent laryngectomy and serial coronal sections of paraffin blocks from the posterior part of the vocal fold were made. Result : There was no significant complication perioperatively and during follow-up. There was acute inflammatory findings in the graft at 3 days and 3 weeks. Only a very small proportion of the injected cartilage was absorbed due to the degenerative change and the overall volume was preserved even when the cells died out. The injected cartilage remained in the larynx until 24 months. Conclusion : The autologous cartilage implant using auricular cartilage was the ideal vocal cord augmentative material for the treatment of glottic incompetence.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic effects of Spargaium stoloniferum Buchanan-Hamilton (Sparganii Rhizoma, SR) extract on diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced with Sprague-Dawley rats by high fat/high sucrose (HF/HS) diet for 4 weeks and injection of a single low dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg). SR water extract at 500 mg/kg was orally administrated once a day for 4 weeks. Body weights, food and water intakes and urine volumes were measured. The levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured in the sera of rats. Histological changes were observed in pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues by H&E staining. Results: The administration of Sparganii Rhizoma extract at 500 mg/kg in diabetic rats did not shown a significant difference in body weight changes and GPT levels, but showed meaningful changes in an increase of urination volume, and decrease of serum glucose and insulin levels. Total cholesterol and GPT levels were also significantly decreased after SR extract administration in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the abnormal changes of pancreas, liver and kidney were also improved by Sparganii Rhizoma extract administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that SR extract can improve HF/HS-diet and STZ-induced diabetic damages in rats through inhibition of the blood glucose and insulin increase.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.481-490
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• 2016

This study was designed to examine the effects of Allium hookeri (AH) on plasma blood glucose and fat profile levels in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats through injection of streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer into tail veins at a dose of 45 mg/kg of body weight. Sprague-Dawley rats were then fed for 4weeks, with the experimental groups receiving a modified diet containing 5% or 10% powder derived from AH roots. The experimental groups were divided into four groups, consisting of a control group, STZ-control group, and diabetic fed with AH 5% & 10% treated groups. Rats' body weights, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) values in plasma were measured along with hematocrit (Hct) values and aminotransferase activities. Body weight losses were observed in the STZ-control group, whereas the STZ-AH group of diabetic rats gained weight. There was a significantly decrease in brain weight of the STZ-AH group but no significant differences in kidney and liver weights of the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% groups compared to the STZ-control group. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol and TG levels among the diabetic groups. HDL-cholesterol significantly increased while FFA significantly decreased in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. The Hct level of the STZ-AH group was lower than that of the STZ-control group. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly reduced in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. These results indicate that supplementation with Allium hookeri root may have beneficial effects on diabetic complications as a potential therapeutic candidate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.922-938
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• 2023

The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of sequential low and high dietary linseed oil (LO; as omega-3 enriched fatty acid; FA) before and post insemination, respectively, on different plasma variables of ewes. Fat-tailed Qezel ewes were assigned randomly to be fed a diet enriched with 3% LO (n = 30) or the saturated FA (SFA; n = 30) three weeks before insemination (Day 0). The lipogenic diet supplemented with 6% LO or SFA was fed after insemination until Day +21. The control ewes were fed an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet with no additional FA during the study. Estrus was synchronized by inserting a vaginal sponge (Spongavet^®) for 12 days + 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; Gonaser^®), and ewes were inseminated via laparoscopic approach 56-59 h after eCG injection. The size of ovarian structures was assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography at -21, -14, -2, 0, and +10 days. Blood samples were collected weekly to measure the plasma's different biochemical variables and FA profile. Treatment did not affect the amounts of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and non-esterified FA (p > 0.05). Conversely, concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were higher in SFA-fed ewes relative to control animals (p < 0.05). LO feeding resulted in greater amounts of n-3 FA isomers in plasma, while higher amounts of stearic acid were detected in SFA fed group 0 and +21 (p < 0.05). The number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea also were not affected by treatment. Other reproductive variables were not affected by treatment except for the reproductive rate. It seems that LO or SFA feeding of fat-tailed ewes peri-insemination period was not superior to the isocaloric non-additional fat diet provided for the control group during the non-breeding season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.827-835
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• 2009

Insulin has crucial roles in energy metabolism in all mammals but has been less studied in ruminants. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of hypoinsulinemia induction on appetite, performance, carcass composition and blood metabolite levels in sheep. Treatments were intravenous injection of four doses of streptozotocin; 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg BW named C, L, M and H, respectively. Twenty male lambs were divided into four treatment groups. Animals in group H could not continue the experiment because of abnormalities. The duration of the experiment was eight consecutive weeks, and injection was performed at the end of week 3. Feed and water intakes were measured weekly and weight changes of animals were recorded and used for calculation of other growth parameters. Blood samples were collected weekly via venipuncture at fasting and 2.5 h post-prandial and analyzed for hormones and blood metabolites. Results showed a marked hypoinsulinemia in group M with significant decrease in fasted and postprandial insulin concentrations and also fasted leptin concentrations vs. the control group C (p<0.05). Group M showed significant increases in blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and ketone body levels vs. group C (p<0.05). After injection, animals in group M showed diabetic hyperphagia and enhanced water intake as compared to group C (p<0.05) but, despite increased feed intake, they did not gain more weight than controls (p<0.05), and consequently, their feed conversion ratio was greater. Protein and fat contents of meat and liver were not significantly different among groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested a regulatory role of insulin in energy metabolism of ruminants by exerting two opposing effects; central catabolic and peripheral anabolic.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 2008

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effects of Fructus Hordei Germiniatus-herbal acupuncture(HA; herbal acupuncture) at acupoint Jung-wan($CV_{12}$) on weight gain, food consumption, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations and liver function of rats fed high fat diet for 7weeks. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and saline injection at acupoint $CV_{12}$ treated group(Saline), high fat diet and Fructus Hordei Germiniatus-HA at acupoint $CV_{12}$ treated groups. According to HA concentration, HA groups were classified into 4 groups ; HA-1($0.108mg/g/m{\ell}$), HA-2($0.054mg/g/m{\ell}$), HA-3($0.022mg/g/m{\ell}$), HA-4($0.011mg/g/m{\ell}$). HA was treated at $20{\mu}{\ell}$ per 4days, total 12times in 49days. Results : 1. Body weight per week was significantly decreased in HA-1, HA-2, HA-3 and HA-4 And body weight per day was significantly decreased in HA-3. 2. Food consumption per week was significantly decreased in HA-1, HA-2, HA-3 and HA-4. 3. Food efficiency per week was significantly decreased in HA-2, HA-3 and HA-4 And food efficiency per day was significantly decreased in HA-3. 4. The level of serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased in HA-1 and HA-3 And the level of serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased in HA-1. 5. The level of serum triglyceride was significantly decreased in HA-1, HA-2, HA-3 and HA-4. And the level of serum total bilirubin was significantly decreased in HA-1and HA-2. 6. The level of serum AST was significantly decreased in HA-2 and HA-3 And the level of serum ALT, r-GTP were significantly decreased in HA-2. Conclusions : According to the above results, Fructus Hordei Germiniatus-HA at acupoint $CV_{12}$ can control body weight, food consumption, food efficiency, serum lipid concentrations and liver function. Asthe same time this kind of Fructus Hordei Germiniatus-HA does not seem to be injurious on liver function. To use Fructus Hordei Germiniatus-HA for obesity, further studies about their underlying mechanism may be needed.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.163-176
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Bangpungtongsung-san extracts on the preadipocytes proliferation, of 3T3-L1 cell line. lipolysis of adipocytes in rat's epididymis and localized fat accumulation of porcine by extraction methods(alcohol and water). Methods : Diminish 3T3-L1 proliferation and lipogenesis do primary role to reduce obesity. So, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and adipocytes were performed on cell cultures, and using Sprague-Dawley rats for the lipogenesis, and treated with 0.01-$1mg/m{\ell}$ Bangpungtongsung-san Extracts depend on concentrations. Porcine skin including fat tissue after treated Bangpungtongsung-san Extracts by means of the dosage dependent variation are investigated the histologic changes after injection of these extracts. Results : Following results were obtained from the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and lipolysis of adipocyte in rats and histologic investigation of fat tissue. 1. Bangpungtongsung-san extracts were showed the effect of decreased preadipocyte proliferation on the high dosage($1.0mg/m{\ell}$). 2. Bangpungtongsung-san extracts were showed the effect of decreased the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) on the high dosage($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) and Specially, alcohol extract of Bangpungtongsung-san was clear as time goes by high concentration. 3. Bangpungtongsung-san extracts were showed tries to compare the effect of lipolysis, alcohol extract of Bangpungtongsung-san on the high dosage($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) was observed the effect is higher than water extract. 4. Investigated the histological changes in porcine fat tissue after treated Bangpungtongsung-san extracts, we knew that water extract of Bangpungtongsung-san was showed the effect of lipolysis on the high dosage($10.0mg/m{\ell}$) and alcohol extract of Bangpungtongsung-san was showed significant activity to the lysis of cell membranes in all concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that Bangpungtongsung-san efficiently induces diminish proliferation of preadipocyte and lipolysis in adipose tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.774-781
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• 2012

This study investigated dose-response effects of chlorogenic acid (CA) on glucose metabolism and the antioxidant system in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice with a high-fat diet (HFD). Male ICR mice were fed with a HFD (37% calories from fat) for 4 weeks prior to intraperitoneal injection with STZ (100 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic mice were supplemented with two doses of CA (0.02% and 0.05%, wt/wt) for 6 weeks. Both doses of CA significantly improved fasting blood glucose level, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance without any changes in plasma insulin and C-peptide levels. Plasma leptin concentration was significantly higher in the CA-supplemented groups than in the diabetic control group. Both doses of CA significantly increased hepatic glucokinase activity and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase activity compared to the diabetic control group. The ratio of glucokinase/glucose-6-phosphatase was dose-independently higher in CA-supplemented mice than in diabetic control mice. CA supplementation dose-independently elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, whereas it lowered lipid peroxide levels compared to the diabetic control mice in the liver and erythrocyte. These results suggest that low-dose CA may be used as a hypoglycemic agent in a high-fat diet and STZ-induced diabetic mice.

• Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2018

Objectives. Regenerative treatment using stem cells may serve as treatment option for empty nose syndrome (ENS), which is caused by the lack of turbinate tissue and deranged nervous system in the nasal cavity. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in the treatment of ENS. Methods. In this prospective observational clinical study, we enrolled 10 ENS patients who volunteered to undergo treatment of ENS through the injection of autologous SVF. Data, including demographic data, pre- and postoperative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-25 (SNOT-25) scores, overall patient satisfaction, and postoperative complications, were prospectively collected. Nasal secretion was assessed using the polyurethane foam absorption method, and the levels of biological markers were analyzed in both ENS group and control group using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The SVF extracted from abdominal fat was diluted and injected into both inferior turbinates. Results. Among the 10 initial patients, one was excluded from the study. Subjective satisfaction was rated as "much improved" in two and "no change" in seven. Among the improved patients, the mean preinjection SNOT-25 score was 55.0 and the score at 6 months after injection was 19.5. However, the average SNOT-25 score of nine participants at 6 months after injection (mean${\pm}$standard deviation, $62.4{\pm}35.8$) did not differ significantly from the baseline SNOT-25 score ($70.1{\pm}24.7$, P>0.05, respectively). Among the various inflammatory markers assessed, the levels of interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-8, and calcitonin gene-related peptide were significantly higher in ENS patients. Compared with preinjection secretion level, the nasal secretions from SVF-treated patients showed decreased expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-8 after injection. Conclusion. Although SVF treatment appears to decrease the inflammatory cytokine levels in the nasal mucosa, a single SVF injection was not effective in terms of symptom improvement and patient satisfaction. Further trials are needed to identify a more practical and useful regenerative treatment modality for patients with ENS.