• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.73-93
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine how children's transition to adulthood might be related to their parents' marital satisfaction and relationship satisfaction with children. Specifically, we investigated if the numbers of children who (1) graduated from 4-year college, (2) were employed, (3) were married, (4) moved out of parental homes and lived independently, and (5) had at least one child might be associated with better marital satisfaction and higher relationship satisfaction with children among midlife and older parents. We also evaluated if the associations might differ by gender of the children (sons vs. daughters) as well as by their gender and birth order (first-born son, later-born son, first-born daughter, later-born daughter). Method: The analytic sample was drawn from the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample consisted of 1,905 parents whose children were aged between 25 and 35. For analysis, regression models with robust standard errors were estimated using Stata. Results: Results suggest that sons' (especially first-born sons') transition to adulthood exerted more consistent impacts on parents. More specifically, first-born sons' completion of higher education, marriage, and independent living arrangement were associated with either higher levels of parental marital satisfaction or relationship satisfaction with children. With regard to later-born sons, their completion of college education was linked to higher levels of parental marital satisfaction and relationship satisfaction with children. Conclusion: Korean parents appear to place greater importance on first-born sons' successful transition to adulthood compared to those of other children. Overall, however, transition to adulthood may have limited influence on Korean parents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.615-625
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• 2007

This study investigated the overall conditions related to family meals, including perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, among middle and high school students. The data were collected from 773 male and female students attending middle and high schools in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do from March to May 2006, using pre-tested self-administered questionnaires. The results are as follows: 78.9% of the subjects lived with their parents and siblings, and 75.7% regarded family meals as meals eaten with all family members living together in a household. As for the frequency of family meals, 40.1% of the middle school subjects answered that they ate with their family 'more than once per day' and 20.8% answered '1 or 2 time per a week'. However 21.0% of the high school students had family meals 'more than once per day', and 31.7% had family meals '1 or 2 times per a week', showing a significant difference between the groups(p<0.001). When the degree of satisfaction with life was evaluated using a Likert scale(strongly satisfied 5 point, strongly unsatisfied 1 point), the middle school students showed a significantly higher level of satisfaction than the high school students towards daily life, health, nutritive conditions, and family care. feelings, attitudes, and behaviors toward family meals were also evaluated(strongly agree 5 point, strongly disagree 1 point), and the results showed that the subjects had positive psychological feelings, with significant differences based on the frequency of family meals. Likewise, the groups who ate frequent family meals scored higher on aspects related to having positive attitudes and behaviors toward the family meal, implying that eating family meals is associated with promoting friendship, psychological stability, and positive thinking in adolescents. These findings suggest that attention needs to he directed toward increasing the frequency of family meals and creating a positive family meal environment.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

This study attempted to explore child, family, and parents' psychological factors that were related to quality of home environment among families with preschoolers in Korea. The relationships between a series of factors and home environment and the predictive effects of the factors on HOME scores were analyzed using data from 1,690 families who participated in the5th wave of the PSKC (Panel Study of Korean Children) when the target child's age was about 4 years old. The results revealed that when the child was a boy and when the child had a difficult temperament, the overall HOME scores were lower. Mothers' age, parents' education, family income, poverty and family life events were significantly related to the HOME scores, too. All of the psychological factors of both mothers and fathers were significantly correlated with the HOME scores. When both mother and father had less depressive symptoms, lower level of parenting stress and greater marital satisfaction, the HOME scores were higher. Regression analysis showed that child's gender, father's education and mothers' marital satisfaction were relatively strong predictors of HOME. The policy implication for parent education and suggestions for future study were proposed.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2019

Based on the stress process model, this study examined the process of how military personnel's occupational characteristics (i.e., long and unspecified work hours, frequent moving) is associated with their wives' marital satisfaction and parenting stress. We focused on whether the wives' perception toward the characteristics of military occupation and the wives' military family pride mediated the association. An online survey was conducted with 323 women married to professional active-duty military husbands, had at least one preschool child, and lived with the husband and child. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the wives' perception of military occupational characteristics and military family pride mediated the relationship between their husband's work hours and the wives' marital satisfaction and parenting stress. This serial multiple mediation indicated that the longer and more unspecified the husband's work hours were, the more negative the wife's perceptions were towards his military occupation, which led to lower marital satisfaction and higher parenting stress. The single mediation effect of negative perceptions was also significant. Frequent moving was indirectly related to the wives' marital satisfaction and parenting stress through only the wives' negative perceptions toward military occupational characteristics. This result indicates that military spouses who experienced frequent moves are likely to have more negative attitudes toward military occupation, which leads to lower marital satisfactions and higher parenting stress. This study contributes to the literature by identifying the underlying mechanisms between military occupational characteristics and military wives' family life through the mediating roles of negative perceptions and military family pride.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.151-162
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of various stressors among dual-earner families on parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Using a survey data collected from 168 dual-earner couples, this study investigated impact of various stressors, including husband division of labor, the satisfaction of childcare arrangement, husband's support on wife's outside work, family socioeconomic status, and strains from job. The finding suggested that, after controlling background variables(length of marriage, the number of children, and family income), high husbands' support on wife's outside work and low strains about their work hours had influenced on higher parenting stress among fathers, while high strains about their work hours had related to high parenting stress among mothers. It also found that high satisfaction on childcare arrangement and low depression were the factors predicting higher marital satisfaction of mothers, and high support on their wife's outside work, low work role strain, low depression, and low parenting stress had influenced on higher marital satisfaction among fathers. Discussions and recommendations for future research were added.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.521-532
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• 2011

The study's purpose was to clarify childcare's impact on the psychological well-being of fathers with an infant. This study included 1,250 households that used 15 nursery centers. The questionnaire asked about the fathers' age, income, working conditions, participation in childcare, recognition of sense of usefulness to their family, marital satisfaction, mental health, health-related quality of life(QOL), and the mothers' age, number of children, age of the youngest child, and working conditions. A casual model was examined using SEM. The results were as follows: first, fathers' participation in childcare contributed to health-related QOL through the recognition of feeling useful to their family. Second, fathers' participation in childcare contributed to marital satisfaction, directly and indirectly through health -related QOL and improved mental health. Third, fathers' participation in childcare contributed to health related QOL through the recognition of feelings of usefulness, marital satisfaction, and mental health, indirectly. These results suggest that promoting fathers' participation in childcare is important to help prevent many problems and to improve QOL.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.435-446
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the this study is to investigate parenting stress of married dental hygienists having preschool and school aged children. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 242 married dental hygienists from September to December, 2015 via e-mail and ordinary mail. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, job-related characteristics, family life satisfaction, and parenting stress. The data were analyzed using Stata 13.0 program. Results: As for job-related characteristics, 36.6% of the subjects answered 'not possible' in work hour flexibility. The reasons why family-work balance is difficult were 'parenting and education(58.7%)' and 'burden of family-work balance(32.4%)'. Family life satisfaction was 3.03, and parenting stress was 2.41. Parenting stress gets higher if their children are younger, monthly income is lower, and mother/father's age are lower. And parenting stress becomes higher if their career as dental hygienists is less, they are contract worker, and frequency to change jobs is higher. Concerning the reason why work-family balance is difficult, parenting stress is found to be high when they choose 'parenting and education', 'burdens of work-family balance', and 'relationship in workplace'. Family life satisfaction reduced parenting stress. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, frequency to change job influences parenting stress. Conclusions: Parenting stress increases turnover and career interruption of married dental hygienists. It is hard to improve work environment without policy support. It will be necessary to establish policy for employed mothers and create a work atmosphere where the policy can be utilized without difficulty.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look into how married working men with a child younger than six years old spent their weekend time either alone or with their wives on housework, family care, and leisure activities, and to find out whether different types of time use brought about different levels of satisfaction to their use of time on weekends. Factors associated with each type were also explored. We analyzed 857 weekend time diaries of married men with a preschooler and men who worked more than 40 hours a week. This data came from the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis results showed that weekend time distribution to those three activities was classified into four different types, namely, 'nonparticipation', 'personal leisure centered', 'couple leisure centered', and 'family centered'. Time use satisfaction for 'couple leisure centered' and 'family centered' types which involved wife and child was significantly higher than the other two types. Age and traditional gender role attitude were associated with the personal leisure and couple leisure centered types, while work related factors such as work hours, regular day off, employment status, and occupation functioned as determinants of the nonparticipation type. Findings from this study suggest that weekend time spent together with family could be the source of satisfaction, but almost half of the respondents were deprived of their weekend family time due to work schedules on weekends. This study supports the need for organizational and policy efforts to ensure non-working weekends for fathers and husbands.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.111-124
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is first to examine the tendency in what kinds of activities are carried out as family rituals; what kinds of obstacles there are; and why any problems, if any, tend to arise. Second, the study seeks to discern the relationship between family rituals and wives' marital satisfaction. For this purpose, the study surveyed 251 wives who had fourth, fifth, or sixth grade children and resided in Busan, and then analyzed the data obtained from the survey. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Regarding the dinner ritual, it turned out that a majority of subjects had a difficult time establishing a regular ritual due to 'their busy schedule at work' and 'children's studying at academies'. For the weekend leisure ritual, in the case of difficulty in spending this kind of time it tended to be because of the wives' 'busy schedules at work' and 'lack of mutually available time for all family members'. In birthday rituals, when wives reported having trouble with her family members regarding birthdays, they explained that this was most often' because family members forget their birthday'. Finally, when the subjects reported problems related to tradition rituals, it was mainly because of 'stress from the burden of housework (2) In every dimensions including occurrence, routine, deliberateness, attendance, affect, and symbolic significance, the top-ranked group showed a high degree of satisfaction in their marriage.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.548-556
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the relationship between self esteem, stress, depression and school adjustment among adolescents who were victims of bullying and those who were not. Methods: The questionnaire included the Peer Victimization Scale (Callaghan & Joseph, 1995), Self-esteem Scale, (Rosenberg, 1965), Daily Hassles Questionnaire (Feiner, Ginter & Primavera, 1982) and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (Radloff, 1977). Data from 738 questionnaires were analyzed using frequencies, means, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test and logistic regression analysis with SPSS 14.0. Results: Victims of bullying accounted for 19.8% of the students. Significant differences were found for grade, school record, family living together, satisfaction with parents and satisfaction with friends between students who were victims of bullying and those who were not. Self esteem and school adjustment for the victims of bullying were lower than for those in the non-victim group, and stress and depression were higher. The logistic regression analysis revealed that school record, family living together, satisfaction with friends, self esteem, friend related stress, family related stress and depression were significantly associated with being a victim of bullying. Conclusion: The result of this study offer basic data for the development of intervention programs to prevent students becoming victims of bullying.