• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2017

The purpose of the research was to examine the moderating effects of children's prosocial behavior on a potential relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. Participants consisted of 252, 3 year old including 136 boys and 116 girls. They were recruited from day care centers and preschools in Gyeonggi province and Incheon city. Prosocial behavior and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder syndrome were assessed based on teacher ratings. A peer nomination inventory was used to assess peer rejection and friendship. Children were asked to nominate three peers that they liked and considered friends as well as three peers that they did not like and did not consider friends. Findings suggested that prosocial behavior moderated the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. ADHD was related to peer rejection and fewer friends for children with lower levels of prosocial behavior. However, the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection was not significant for children who had higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not influence to friendship for children who had the higher levels of prosocial behavior. The results indicate that increasing prosocial behavior may improve peer relationship functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of mothers' recognition of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parenting stress and family support in mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: The data were collected from December 24, 2009 to July 23, 2010. The participants were 141 mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD and who lived in D city. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS 17.0 were used to analyze the data. To determine the most effective variable (mothers' recognition, parenting stress and family support) to predict parental stress, data were analyzed using canonical correlation with SAS 9.1 TS. Results: Canonical correlation analysis revealed that professional and teachers' roles of the 3 sub-domains of mothers' recognition were the most outstanding variables in predicting parenting stress. Parental distress/parent-child dysfunctional interaction of parenting stress was the most outstanding variable in predicting both mothers' recognition and family support. Spouse cooperation in family support was the most outstanding variable in predicting parenting stress. Conclusion: The results suggest that strengthening parents' recognition of ADHD and supporting interventions are important for reducing parenting stress. Professional and teachers' roles, parental distress/parent-child dysfunctional interaction and spouse cooperation should be included in the contents of structured programs.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of family resilience on caregiver well-being across various age groups of children diagnosed with ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) groups (0-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years). Methods: Utilizing secondary data from the 2022 US National Survey of Child Health, this cross-sectional study involved 2,752 children who were formally diagnosed with ADHD. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, Spearman's rank correlation, chi-square tests, and linear regression, conducted using SPSS version 27. Results: The study revealed a moderate positive correlation (r=.35, p<.001) between family resilience and caregiver well-being. Controlling for covariates, family resilience accounted for 25.2%, 21.1%, and 22.1% of caregiver well-being variance in age groups 0-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years, respectively. Additionally, factors like employment status, family structure, and caregiver age showed varying influences on caregiver well-being across these developmental stages. A consistent pattern emerged across these age groups: unemployment and non-traditional family structures were associated with negative impacts on caregiver well-being, whereas older caregiver age positively influenced well-being. Conclusion: This research underscores the importance of age-specific family resilience strategies to improve caregiver well-being and family interactions in ADHD contexts. Investigating these aspects through qualitative studies across various cultures could deepen our understanding of well-being and inform culturally sensitive interventions.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.123-140
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to verify preschool children can be classified of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children across situation. It also was to examine differences among groups according to sex and age, and to investigate the family caracterisitcs of ADHD groups. The subjects of this study consisted of 228 preschool chilren (147 boys and 136 girls aged from 3- to 7- year-old) drawn from five Child Care Centers in Chung-Ju. Data were analyzed by the frequency, percentages, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient, ${\chi}^2$-test, F-test, Tukey post-hoc test, and Pearson correlation using SAS program. The results were as follows: 1. Preschool children could be classified by four diagnostic groups across situation; (1) 168 children (59%) of the control group (no disorder of ADHD), (2) 49 children (17%) of ADHD-Home group (ADHD only at home), (3) 43 children (15%) of ADHD-School group (ADHD only at school), and (4) 23 children (8%) of ADHD-PH group (ADHD both at home and at school). Ratings by parents and by teachers correlated very low with each other, as in previous studies. These results confirm the findings that ADHD be classified across situation. 2. There were significant differences among four groups according to sex and age. In the ADHD-PH groups, the boys is 3 times higher than the girls and the children aged 6- to 7-year-old was shown highly distributed in the pervasive ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.62-72
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• 2018

Objectives: The molecular mechanisms underlying attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the genetic susceptibility loci for ADHD in Korean children with ADHD. We performed a case-control and a family-based genome-wide association study (GWAS), as well as genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses, for two symptom traits. Methods: A total of 135 subjects (71 cases and 64 controls), for the case-control analysis, and 54 subjects (27 probands and 27 unaffected siblings), for the family-based analysis, were included. Results: The genome-wide QTL analysis identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7684645 near APELA, rs12538843 near YAE1D1 and POU6F2, rs11074258 near MCTP2, and rs34396552 near CIDEA) that were significantly associated with the number of inattention symptoms in ADHD. These SNPs showed possible association with ADHD in the family-based GWAS, and with hyperactivity-impulsivity in genome-wide QTL analyses. Moreover, association signals in the family-based QTL analysis for the number of inattention symptoms were clustered near genes IL10, IL19, SCL5A9, and SKINTL. Conclusion: We have identified four QTLs with genome-wide significance and several promising candidates that could potentially be associated with ADHD (CXCR4, UPF1, SETD5, NALCN-AS1, ERC1, SOX2-OT, FGFR2, ANO4, and TBL1XR1). Further replication studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2004

Objective:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder, affecting 3-5% of school-aged children. Although the biological basis of ADHD is unknown, family studies provide strong evidence that ADHD has a genetic basis. Recent genetic studies have suggested associations between ADHD and serotonin 1B(5HT1B) receptor gene G861C polymorphism. The aim of this study is to test for the association between ADHD and 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in Korean population. Method:We processed DNA extraction and genotyping. 106 Korean children with ADHD and their parents were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR). And the ADHD children were compared with 212 age and gender matched normal controls. Results:There was no statistical difference of distributions between ADHD cases and controls. We did not observe any preferential transmission of alleles of 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in ADHD. Conclusions:Though there is the possibility of failing to detect small genetic effects, our results show no evidence of an association between ADHD and 5HT1B receptor gene G861C polymorphism in the Korean population and indicate that it is unlikely that the 5HT1B receptor is implicated in the susceptibility to ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in functional impairment between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal controls, and to compare the functional impairment across ADHD subtypes. Methods : Children and adolescents with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 18 years were recruited for the study. Parents and teachers of the ADHD subjects completed the parents' and teachers' forms of the Children and Adolescents Functioning Impairment Scale (CAFIS), respectively. The results of these scales were compared to those of normal controls. Results : Subjects included 110 children with ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-IA) ; 23 with ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) ; and 60 ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C). When compared to 41 normal controls, there were significant differences in CAFIS-parent and CAFIS-teacher scales for the ADHD group. Functional impairment in the family relationship as rated by the parents was higher in children with ADHD-C when compared to that of children with ADHD-IA. Conclusion : In comparison to normal children, children with ADHD have a higher level of impairment in several functional areas, and differences exist in functional impairment across ADHD subtypes. Further, ratings of functional impairment between parents and teachers were inconsistent. Thus, gathering information from the teachers is important when diagnosing or establishing treatment regimens for ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2015

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare the Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC) profile between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children. We also aimed to investigate the association of K-PRC and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Ninety-nine youth (age $8.3{\pm}2.4$ years, 72 boys) with ADHD and 84 controls (age $9.2{\pm}2.5$ years, 43 boys) were recruited from the Department of Pediatric Psychiatry of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were confirmed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The parents of the subjects completed the ADHD rating scale, and K-PRC. Independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, partial correlation analyses, and Mc Nemar test were used for analysis. Results : Children and adolescents with ADHD showed higher K-PRC scores in verbal development, physical development, depression, delinquency, hyperactivity, family dysfunction and psychoticism. Delinquency and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with parent-rated ADHD rating scales and ADHD scores on K-SADS-PL. The hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes showed higher scores on hyperactivity and delinquency than the inattentive subtype, and the inattentive subtype showed higher scores on depression and social dysfunction of the K-PRC. Conclusion : Our results suggest that K-PRC could be used to comprehensively evaluate symptoms, combined psychopathologies, developmental delay and family dysfunction of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to heavy metals with positive diagnosis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Methods : Study participants included 27 children diagnosed with ADHD ($9.9{\pm}2.9$ years of age), 21 diagnosed with Tourette's disorder ($10.7{\pm}2.2$ years of age), and 45 normal control children ($9.6{\pm}0.5$ years of age). A Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 5 heavy metals (Pb, Cd, U, Be, Hg) in hair samples obtained from each participant. Each heavy metal concentration was compared among the groups by use of a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results : The levels of lead (p=.006) and cadmium (p=.037) observed in the hair of children diagnosed with ADHD were significantly higher than those found in the control subjects. There were no significant differences observed for heavy metal levels when comparing TS and control subjects. Conclusion : We confirmed that lead exposure is a risk factor for ADHD. We also identified that cadmium may be a new candidate risk factor for manifestation of ADHD. We did not find an association between heavy metals and manifestation of TS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.723-741
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a family resilience program for families of children with ADHD. For this purpose, a preliminary program was developed as a pre-program development stage and its effectiveness was evaluated. To develop a preliminary program, a prior study was reviewed before developing the program, which was carried out. The program was conducted after recruiting seven mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD. It was operated for a total of eight sessions, two times a week, for 120 minutes. A single system design was designed to assess the effectiveness of the developed Family Resilience program. Then, the Family Resilience goals of the individuals set by the research participants were measured. The results of the study showed a slight increase in scores for all participants in the program. By discussing the effects, limitations and suggestions of the developed preliminary program, we hope that a family resilience program for families of children with ADHD will be developed based on this preliminary program research.