• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.25-29
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the improvement of soil physical property and soil biota characteristics through cultivation of green manure crops for a one-year period before creation of a tea plantation as follows. The study revealed that the contents of available phosphate tended to decrease after sod-culture by green manure cultivation and open-pollination, when compared to the level before cultivation. The ratio soil porosity increased by approximately 30% when Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolar L. Moench were cultivated, while the soil bacteria and fungi also increased. In a research on microfauna using a pit fall trap, the population number of the microfauna was 174 of 27 species in the plot of open-pollinated sod-culture and no organic matter application, and 268 of 26 species in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench. Consequently, the culturing tool of Crotalaria juncea recorded the highest level of species diversity at 2.5, the evenness index at 3.7 and richness at 4.6, with the lowest level of a dominance index. The ecological quotient of microfauna was 0.76 in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench, and 0.63 in the plot of Crotalaria juncea.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2011.12a
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• pp.170-173
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• 2011

Therapeutic hypothermia(TH) improves neurological outcomes and reduces mortality among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Animal and human studies have shown that TH results in improved salvage of the myocardium, reduced infarct size, reduced left ventricular remodeling and better long-term left ventricular function in settings of regional myocardial ischemia. This study is to investigate the effect of TH on post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and survival time after cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Thoracotomies were performed in 10 Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 450-550 g. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Ninety min after LAD ligation, ventricular fibrillation induction and subsequent cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed before defibrillation attempts. Animals were randomized to two groups: a) Acute MI-Normothermia b) Acute MI-Hypothermia ($32^{\circ}C$ for 4 h). Myocardial functions, including cardiac output, left ventricular ejection fraction, and myocardial performance index were measured echocardiographically together with duration of survival. Ejection fraction, cardiac output and myocardial performance index were $54.74{\pm}9.16$, $89.00{\pm}8.89$, $1.30{\pm}0.09$ respectively and significantly better in the TH group than those of the normothermic group at the first 4 h after resuscitation($32.20{\pm}1.85$,$41.60{\pm}8.62$,$1.77{\pm}0.19$)(p=0.00). The survival time of the hypothermic group ($31.8{\pm}14.8$ h) was greater than that of the normothermic group($12.3{\pm}6.5$ h, p<0.05). This study suggested that TH attenuated post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction in acute MI and would be a potential strategy in post resuscitation care.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.491-501
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• 2022

This study evaluated the contamination levels of inland pollution sources flowing into Taeanhaean National Park. The nutritional status of influents was assessed by analyzing water quality and trophic status index (TRIX) at 52 stations, and the contamination levels of sediments were evaluated by analyzing eutrophication cleanup index (CIET) and heavy metals at 36 stations. The results of the TRIX analysis showed that 26 of the 52 stations had influents with a TRIX value of 6-10 (poor water quality/very high trophic level), indicating atrocious water quality and high eutrophication levels. The results of the CIET analysis showed that 4 out of the 36 stations were highly contaminated with organic matter. Analysis of heavy metals showed that the copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels exceeded the threshold effects level (TEL) and probable effects levels (PEL) at several stations. In addition, the arsenic (As) level exceeded the threshold effects level at one station, and the levels of the other heavy metals (Cd, Cr⁶⁺, Ni, Pb, and Hg) were lower. Most inland pollution sources have been identified as small-scale, but long-term and continuous exposure can negatively affect the marine ecosystem; therefore, it necessary to prepare inland pollution source management standards and measures suitable for the characteristics of the coastal area.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.387-401
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Falls Efficacy Scale (K-FES), which is used to measure the fear of falling, that is conceptually equivalent to the original and culturally adaptable to the Korean population. Methods: A five-step translation and adaptation process was employed to create the K-FES, adhering to the established guidelines for cross-cultural rehabilitation outcome measures. The content validity was then evaluated by 22 rehabilitation professionals (15 males and 7 females) with an average clinical experience of 201 months at neurological rehabilitation centers. The content validity ratio and index were used as a basis for judgment. Results: The translation process identified inconsistencies with the terms "objects" and "telephone" in the original Falls Efficacy Scale, which were subsequently resolved in the final K-FES version. The content validity ratios for the original, second, and third versions of the K-FES ranged from -0.27-0.91, -0.27-0.91, and -0.27-0.91, respectively. Correspondingly, the content validity index values for the original, second, and third versions of the K-FES ranged from 0.77-1.00, 0.68-1.00, and 0.63-1.00, respectively. Conclusions: The K-FES was rigorously developed through translation, adaptation, and validation processes, making it a reliable tool for Korean stroke rehabilitation professionals. It is expected to be instrumental in clinical and research settings to assess postural stability and fall risk in patients with strokes and brain injuries.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.55-81
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the main issues and trends of Korean trade, and to draw implications for future research regarding trade rules. A total of 476 academic journal are analyzed using English keyword searched for 'Trade Rules' from 2000 to July 2022 in the Korean Journal Citation Index data base. The analysis methodology includes co-occurrence network and topic trend analysis which is a kind of text mining methods. The results shows that key words representing Korea's trade trend fall into four categories in which the number of research journals has rapidly increased, which are Topic 4 (Investment Treaty), Topic 7 (Trade Security), Topic 8 (China's Protectionism), and Topic 11 (Trade Settlement). The major background for these topics is the tension between the United States and China threatening the existing international trade system. A detailed study for China's protectionism, changes in trade security system, and new investment agreements, and changes in payment methods will be the challenges in near future.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2019

This study was started to study the buffer zone of Daejeon metropolitan city in order to study the policy and environment for the suitability evaluation of the use of green buffer zone. The target of the study was selected as the buffer zone of western buffer, which is frequently used in the Daejeon Metropolitan City, and a preliminary index was selected to evaluate the suitability of the green buffer zone. AHP analysis was conducted to increase the reliability of the preliminary indicators and the weight was analyzed by questionnaires to experts and practitioners. In addition, based on the existing statistical data, we rebuilt the green buffer zone and investigated the current condition, and compared and analyzed the green buffer zone and the places where they did not. The results are as follow. First, unlike the statute interpretation that construction can not be done in buffered green spaces, green buffer zones have been utilized in various ways. However, the lack of advanced citizen consciousness of the residents, the responsibility of the responsible person, and the problem of the management office alone are causing problems. Second, according to the results of AHP questionnaire analysis, functional and stability among the appropriateness indexes of green buffer zone utilization were evaluated highly. Park accessibility and utilization potential also weighed somewhat, and it was judged that the epochal trend was more important in the use of green buffer zones. Third, analysis of the status of Western green buffer zones in Daejeon showed that the utilization rate was more than half. This suggests the necessity of judging the appropriateness of the application of the green buffer zone effectively due to the change of the perception of the green buffer zone of the residents. Fourth, as a result of comparing and analyzing the site where the site is used and the site where it is not, it is found that it is used within a range that does not greatly affect each index. However, as the stability has decreased, we have decided that the utilization method is most damaging to the green zone, and we should strive to improve the stability in future. Finally, the analysis of a red clay road and a red clay road sites decreased from Class I of stability to Grade II. However, the fall figure showed a difference between the 13 % drop rate of the target location and the 5% decline rate of utilization. The difference was analyzed as the difference of width of a red clay road. This can be regarded as one of the ways of damaging the green zone to the minimum extent, which is a great advantage in selecting the future utilization plan.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Objectives: This study is planned to assess the trend of occupational injuries in Korea from 2001 to 2010. Methods: Ten years of occupational injuries, from 2001 to 2010, were analyzed in order to investigate the changing profiles according to the various characteristics of injuries; economic sectors, age of the injured, and type of injuries. The changing profile of occupational injuries was investigated by comparison with an index-created relative value based on the number of cases of reference category. Results: The fatalities of construction, forest, agriculture, and service show the increasing trend. The nonfatal occupational injuries of the manufacturing sector were higher than those of other sectors in every year but the fatal occupational injuries of construction workers were higher than those of the manufacturing sector. Occupational injuries occurring due to amputation and those of slip and trip increased. The number of occupational injuries for the worker groups of 24 years old and below decreased and 45 years old and above increased. In comparison to the figure of fall from height, the figures of slip and trip or caught in equipment are higher in every calendar year. Conclusion: This study find out construction, forest, agriculture, and service sectors, aged worker with 45 years old and over can be target population for the strategies of occupational safety.

• Archives of design research
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• v.13
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• pp.15-24
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• 1996

No mater how brilliant brain a man has, as time goes by, it is certain to fall into a lapse of memory phenomenon in according to cease to exist as a matter of course. But as previously stated, there is no room for douby, if we make advertising information for being changed into a sign which is to be treated easily and simplified, we can easily memory and withdraw it. In other words, the information is to be coded simpler, the memory and recollection of it is to be easier as wll as we can raise the precision rate. Good many advertising today, it appears, try to raise the acknowlegement rate with shock of good-sized and exposure frequency. In this advertising form, we can aspire to the intention of advertiser to try to get lapse of the message of advertising. Of course, even if it cannot be an index of every advertising information called simplified memory and recollection rate, it should be emphasized that it cannot but have something to do with the consumer's memory. Which to be obtained by invested advertisement. As for it, there are so many things to be taken charge of a lots of content by graphic designer: to be obtained mental distribution of resources inconnected with a desire of consumer, to be converted memory information into being less than that and treated easier, and to be correlated the memory information with the previously known things.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.755-764
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• 2015

This study investigates if the relationships between hemline and macro-economic factors (rGDP, recession, and unemployment) are still applicable as well as analyzes time lags that reflect economic factors on the hemline index using U.S. data. The hemline theory and fashion cyclical theory were applied to propose the relationships studied. The data for the hemline measurements of women's day-wear were obtained from US Vogue spring and fall editions from 1950 to 2014. Data were standardized by dividing the length from shoulder to hemline by the length from the shoulder to ankle. I aggregated 2260 samples and hemline data to create a yearly average. This study used OLS of Stata 13 program to explore the relationship between macro-economic factors and hemline. The main findings were the recession and unemployment influenced hemline length for four years in a positive direction. Furthermore, the effects of previous recession and unemployment on the current hemline were very close to the significant level respectively. This finding supports the hemline theory in that a recessionary economy is related to longer hemlines and hemlines become shorter in flourishing economic periods.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2011

Purpose: Traumatic airway injuries have high rates of mortality and morbidity. Thus, we evaluated the clinical results of trauma-related airway-injury patients. Methods: A clinical analysis was performed for patients with airway trauma who were admitted and treated at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konyang University Hospital from Dec. 2002 to Dec. 2009. Results: Sixteen patients were admitted and treated. Fourteen patients were male, and the ages of the patients ranged from 16 to 75 years. Six cases were penetrating injuries, 4 were traffic-accident injuries. 3 were fall injuries, and. 3 were other blunt trauma injuries. Anato- mic injuries included 14 trachea cases (87.5%), 1 Rt. main bronchus (6.25%), and 1 Lt. main bronchus cases (6.25%). Diagnosis was made by using computed tomography and bronchoscopy. Five patients were treated with an explothoracotomy, and 7 underwent neck exploration with primary repair. Three patients simply needed conservative management, and 1 patient was treated with a closed thoracostomy. The post-operative mortality rate was 6.25 % (1 patient). Conclusion: Airway trauma is dangerous and should be treated as an emergency, so a high index of suspicion is essential for rapid diagnosis and successful surgical intervention in patients with airway injuries.