• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2013

The concentration of terpene (18 species) was measured from spring to fall in ambient air and essential oil at three different forests located in Jeollanamdo province. Sampling was conducted at 4-hour-interval a day of each season. In the ambient air, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and 2-carene were the most abundant compounds throughout the sampling periods and areas. The highest three-season average concentration of total terpene was 2,597 pptv at Jeamsan(Mt.) in Boseong which was predominantly populated by Pinaceae. The seasonal averages were observed to peak during spring with their max at Palyeongsan(Mt.) in Goheung and Jeamsan(Mt.) in Boseong, and during fall at Woodland in Jangheung. Most of terpenes had diurnal variations with higher concentrations during the daytime, and lower during the nighttime. However in essential oil, the highest annual average concentration of total terpene was $798{\mu}g/dry-g$ at Goheung which was predominantly populated by Chamaecyparis obtusa. Also, the component proportion ratio showed different distribution between ambient air and essential oil. From the results of this study, we suggest that Chamaecyparis obtusa species is more useful, and younger tree is more economical than older one, and spring is the best season for lumbering in order to use essential oil.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2005

In this research, composite alumina was prepared to add the various promoters by sol-gel method and examined its thermal stability. After sintering at $1,200^{\circ}C$, the thermal stability resulted in following order, $Si{\fallingdotseq}La$ > Ti > $Ba{\fallingdotseq}Ce$ > Y > $Zr{\fallingdotseq}Mg$, in accordance with adding the promoters. Especially in case of silica-added alumina, a phase transformation temperature to ${\alpha}$-alumina increased about $150^{\circ}C$ and after sintering at $1,200^{\circ}C$, it showed to maintain in ${\gamma}$-form and ${\delta}$-form alumina phase. Also it showed an increase of surface area from $3m^2/g$ to $71m^2/g$ compared with pure ${\alpha}$-alumina. In the case of silicaadded alumina, the characterization change of this alumina particle resulted in a delay of phase transformation because Si-O-Al bond was increased when sintered at high temperature. In case of lanthanum-added alumina, there was a sintering delay phenomenon in inter-particles as $LaAlO_3$ structure existed. The existence of lanthanum structure was confirmed by XRD and XPS analysis. It appeared on the alumina surface as $La_2O_3$ structure when it was sintered under $1,000^{\circ}C$, as the perovskite structure of $LaAlO_3$ at above $1,000^{\circ}C$ and as the magneto-plumbite structure of $LaAl_{11}O_{18}$ at above $1,300^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2009

Strain improvement and morphology investigation in bioreactor cultures were undertaken in suspended cultures of Phellinus linteus mycelia for mass production of protein-bound polysaccharides(soluble ${\beta}$-D-glucan), a powerful immuno-stimulating agent. Phellineus sp. screened for this research was identified as Phellinus linteues through ITS rDNA sequencing method and blast search, demonstrating 99.7% similarity to other Phellinus linteus strains. Intensive strain improvement program was carried out by obtaining large amounts of protoplasts for the isolation of single cell colonies. Rapid and large screening of high-yielding producers was possible because large numbers of protoplasts ($1{\times}10^5{\sim}10^6\;protoplasts/ml$) formed using the banding filtration method with the cell wall-disrupting enzymes could be regenerated in relatively high regeneration frequency($10^{-2}{\sim}10^{-3}$) in the newly developed regeneration medium. It was demonstrated that the strains showing high performances in the protoplast regeneration and solid growth medium were able to produce 5.8~6.4%(w/w) of ${\beta}$-D-glucan and 13~15 g/L of biomass in stable manners in suspended shake-flask cultures of P. linteus mycelia. In addition, cell mass increase was observed to be the most important in order to enhance ${\beta}$-D-glucan productivity during the course of strain improvement program, since the amount of ${\beta}$-D-glucan extracted from the cell wall of P. linteus mycelia was almost constant on the unit biomass basis. Therefore we fully investigated the fungal cell morphology, generally known as one of the key factors affecting cell growth extent in the bioreactor cultures of mycelial fungal cells. It was found that, in order to obtain as high cell mass as possible in the final production bioreactor cultures, the producing cells should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in the growth cultures, and optimum amounts of these filamentous cells should be transferred as active inoculums to the production bioreactor. In this case, ideal morphologies consisting of compacted pellets less than 0.5mm in diameter were successfully induced in the production cultures, resulting in shorter period of lag phase, 1.5 fold higher specific cell growth rate and 3.3 fold increase in the final biomass production as compared to the parallel bioreactor cultures of different morphological forms. It was concluded that not only the high-yielding but also the good morphological characteristics led to the significantly higher biomass production and ${\beta}$-D-glucan productivity in the final production cultures.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2009

Compulsive consumption is regarded as a global phenomenon that can adversely affect consumer well-being. Although the topic has been studied in different cultural settings, we have seen relatively little theory development and explanations of compulsive behavior Nearly all previous empirical studies attempt to explain this behavior by correlating measures of compulsive behavior with independent variables taken within the same time frame. However, recent developments in social sciences suggest that such a phenomenon may best understood in the context of the person's earlier-in-life experiences. Using the life course paradigm as an overarching framework, the present research extends previous work on this topic. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The earlier in childhood and adolescence a person experiences family dislocation, the greater his or her likelihood of exhibiting compulsive behaviors in adulthood. H2: The earlier in life the young person experienced family dislocation, the greater the number of family disruption events the young person experienced prior entering adulthood years. H3: Family dislocation leads to (a) increased frequency of socio.oriented family communications and (b) decreased frequency of concept-oriented family communication. H4: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong socio-oriented communication structure are more likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a weak socio-oriented family communication structure. H5: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong concept-oriented communication structure are less likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a week concept-oriented family communication structure. H6: The relationship between family disruption events experienced during adolescence and perceived stressfulness of these events is moderated by (a) global family support, (b) emotional family support, and (c) material family support. Those reporting higher levels of family support as teenagers are less likely to report experiencing stress due to family disruption events. H7: Perceived stressfulness of family disruption events experienced during adolescent years are associated with compulsive consumption tendencies in early adulthood. H8: The greater the number of family disruption events young adults experienced during their adolescent years the more frequent was their communication about consumption with their peers. H9: The more frequent was the young persons' communication with their peers about consumption during their adolescent years, the more likely they are to report compulsive buying tendencies as young adults. We use a sample of 120 Thai undergraduate students attending classes taught in English as part of a four-year international program. Product-moment correlations, hierarchical regression analysis and partial correlation were used to analyze data. Results of testing hypotheses showed that hypothesis 2, 4, 7 and 9 were supported and hypothesis 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 were not supported. Our study did not find a significant relationship between the age when a person experienced family dislocation and their compulsive behavior tendencies expressed as young adults. We did not find a significant relationship between family dislocation and family communication structures. But we found a significant positive relationship between socio-oriented communication structure and compulsive buying and a significant relationship between our peer communication and compulsive buying measures. Also we found perceived stressfulness due to the disruptive events to have a significant positive relationship between the perceived stressfulness and compulsive buying. Implications from these findings, limitations of this research and future research suggestions were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.189-195
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the budget and cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur, essential elements and principal constituents of acid rain, their input through precipitation, and their output by streamflow were quantified in coniferous and deciduous forested watersheds, using combination of nutrient concentration and hydrological analysis, in Kwangnung Experimental Forest from July 1991 to December 1993. Amount of annual mean precipitation was $12,916\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, annual mean runoff $5,094\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(39%), $7,467\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$(59%) in coniferous and deciduous forest watersheds, respectively. Amounts of annual input of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ through preciptation were 12.5, $81.72\;kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, repectively. Annual output via runoff of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were 0.06, $39.23\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed ecosystem, and 0.15, $55.46\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one, respectively. On the basis of annual nutrient input and output, the annual budget of $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were +12.46, $+42.49\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the coniferous forest watershed, and +11.35, $+26.26\;ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the deciduous one. Thus $N({NO_3}^-+{NH_4}^+)$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were accumulated in both forested watershed ecosystems.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.174-187
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• 2000

The Quaternary coarse-grained sandy sediments are distributed along the channels of Seomjin River. The fluvial sediments were sedimentologically studied in horizontal and vertical distributions. To analyze depositional environments and facies changes in the sediments, sediment sampling from river mouth to upper stream and desctriptive approaches to the sediment profiles outcropped near Kurye were carried out. The sediments along the stream lines of the river are assigned to very coarse to coarse sand in grain size. The sediment grains are widely scattered in sorting and moderately sorted in average. For skewness and kurtosis, the sediments ranges from very fine to very coarse skewed and from very lepto-kurtic to extremelyl epto-kurtic states, respectively. The sediments are divided into slightly gravelly sand, gravelly sand and sandy gravel in sediment type. The pain shape in the sandy sediments are dominant in equant and tabular forms showing wide varieties. The sandy sediments are mostly poorly sorted and are highly variable in surface texture with SEM. Some smaller grains in the sediments ordinarily show polished surfaces. Of those grains, quartz ones are commonly angular to surounded. On the basis of facies changes and sedimentary structures, outcropped fluvial sediment profiles in Kurye are classified into xGyS, mGyS, gGyS, xSM, xS, mS, mGyM, IgM in facies. These eight facies are reformed as facies assemblage I and ll. The facies assemblage I and II are interpreted as the products of the channel deposits in braided stream and flood plain ones besides channels, respectively. The change facies assemblage I with facies assemblage ll imply that depositional environments hadbeen migrated from braied sream to flood plain ones.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.453-463
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• 1997

The contents of high school 'Common science' textbooks was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Seven common science textbooks were selected and its contents, structure, inquiry, activities, appendix and its characteristics were investigated, and analyzed using the Goal Clusters of Project Synthesis and Romey's indices of text evaluation were calculated. The contents of each unit are not much different among textbooks because they are written according to the curriculum ordinance and textbook guidelines of the Ministry of Education. The textbooks was consist of $471{\sim}519$ pages. It was distribute similarly among the chapter of 'materials', 'forces', lives' and 'earth'. The chapter of 'energy' and 'environment' was treat significantly. The contents and structure of common science is a mere physical consolidation. I make an alternative plan that a topic form. Inquiry activities used in the textbooks are 11 type, however most of that is interpretation of data, experiment, survey and discussion. Ninety six percents of the experiment, belong to the 1st level, four percents of that belong to the 2nd level of the Schwab's inquiry level and there are no activities of the 3rd level. Little attention is given to Goal Cluster I, II, IV in the common science textbooks currently employed. Its content should be broadened to include all Goal Clusters of Project Synthesis. Homey's indices representing the degrees of student involvement. are $0.57{\sim}1.14$ for sentence analysis, $0.60{\sim}1.67$ for figure and diagram analysis, $0.67{\sim}1.50$ for analysis of questions at chapter ends, respectively, student activity per page investigated being $0.6{\sim}0.9$. But chapter summaries cease to repeats the conclusions of the chapter also it be rather formally and inattentively written.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

The present study was performed to evaluate sitological quality of the cultured and wild river puffer, Takifugu obscurus. Proximate composition, the content of extractive nitrogen, the content of nucleotides and their related compounds, total and free amino acid, and fatty acids were analysed and sensory evaluation in the muscle of the river puffer were compared. The cultured river puffer had a higher moisture content compared to the wild fish, while there was no significant difference in crude lipid, crude protein and ash contents. Nucleotides and their related compounds including ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR and Hx were detected. The result from analyzing ATP-related compound showed difference in total content by wild and cultured river puffer, and IMP content that had largest influence upon the savory taste of sliced raw fish, was higher in the cultured fishes than wild ones. Breaking strength level of the wild river puffer was higher than that of the cultured fish. High levels of C16:0 and C18:0 were shown in all samples and -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content were not different between the cultured and wild river puffers (P>0.05). Total 17 amino acids were detected in the samples, and most of the samples had high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine and leucine and low contents of cystine, histidine, methionine and tyrosine. The result from surveying free amino acid content of wild and cultured river puffer showed difference in content, but generally taurine and lysine content for the whole free amino acid held the most part. There was no significant difference in texture, flavor and overall acceptance score between the cultured and wild fishes (P>0.05).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.4 s.137
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• pp.281-289
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• 2004

The sex pheromone blend (28-12AC : E8-12AC : Z8-12OH = 95 : 5 : 1) of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was evaluated with reference to its male attractivity at different dosage and lure longevity of 1.0 mg in a field condition. Also, degree-days (DD) were calculated up to major phenological events of G. molesta using seasonal adult flights monitored by pheromone traps and egg population densities in early season in Suwon peach orchards. In the range of 0.1-4.0 mg dosage examined, G. molesta males caught in pheromone trap decreased with increasing total pheromone doses. The highest number of G. molesta males were attracted in traps baited with 0.1 mg-lure, and there were no significantly differences among 0.5 to 4.0 mg-lure. In longevity test with a 1.0 mg-lure, there was no difference in mean numbers of G. molesta males caught between traps with fresh-baited lures every 20d and field-lasted lures up to ${\approx}50d$ after trap installation, but thereafter more G. molesta males were attracted in the field-lasted lures than in the fresh-baited lures. Accumulated degree-days (DD) from January 1 to the first adult emergence (biofix) were 39DD at a lower threshold temperature $8.1^{\circ}C$. Degree-days from the biofix up to the 1st adult peak through 4th peak were 98DD, 620DD, 1233DD, and 1916DD, respectively. Required degree-days from the 1st adult peak to the 1st egg peak were 130DD, while the 2nd egg peak timing was simultaneous with the 2nd adult peak. Further, management strategies of G. molesta were discussed in peach orchards.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.4 s.137
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• pp.297-304
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• 2004

The development of Aphidoletes aphidimyza, an aphidophagous gall midge, was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to $35^{\circ}C$, with $65{\pm}5\%$ RH, and a photo-period of 16L:8D. When A. aphidimyra was fed either on Aphis gossypii or Myzus persicae, it took 43.9 and 44.5 days, respectively, to develop from egg to pupa at $15^{\circ}C$, whereas at $25^{\circ}C$, 14.3 and 15.8 days. The developmental zero was 10.7 and $10.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, while the effective accumuative temperatures were 210.8 and 245.5 day-degrees. The nonlinear shape of temperature-dependent development, shown by A. aphidimyza when fed on either species of the aphids, was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. When distribution model of completion time of development for each growth stage was expressed as physiological age and fitted to the Weibull fuction, the completion time of development gradually shortened from egg to larva, and to pupa. In addition, the coefficient of determination $r^2$ ranged between 0.86-0.93 and 0.85-0.94, respectively providing a good approximation of cumulative developmental rates. The life span of adult was 8.7 and 9.2 days at $15^{\circ}C$, and 3.1 and 2.7 days at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Egg incubation period was relatively short at $35^{\circ}C$ but hatchability was less than $50\%$ and the mortality of the larva at $35^{\circ}C$ reached $100\%$. At $30^{\circ}C$, the time of development lengthened and the adult longevity was short suggesting ill effect of high temperatures. Even though the life span of adults at $15^{\circ}C$ was relatively long, none moved freely in the rearing cage and no oviposition occurred. Accordingly, in case A. aphidimyza is adopted to suppress phytophagus aphid populations, it could be applicable to cropping systems with ambient temperatures above $20^{\circ}C$ and below $30^{\circ}C$. Within this range, A. aphidimyza adults was observed to be active and oviposit fully.