• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.261-284
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• 2019

This paper explores the ramifications of international outsourcing on unemployment, income distribution and welfare, which is an important but yet unresolved issue. Using the well-known Harris-Todaro (1970) model of sector-specific unemployment, it shows that the effects of outsourcing on employment, income-distribution and welfare depend on the sector in which the outsourcing occurs, whereby sectoral factor intensities, unemployment-outsourcing response and the dynamic stability condition play crucial roles. In particular, outsourcing in the manufacturing (primary) sector widens (narrows) income inequality by increasing (decreasing) the sectoral wage gap and raising (not affecting) the rental income of the capital owners in the economy. Moreover, outsourcing in the manufacturing (primary) sector can be welfare-decreasing (is always welfare-increasing) due to its negative (positive) employment effect mitigating (reinforcing) the primary gains from the outsourcing.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.514-524
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of communication skills and pediatric nurse-parent partnership on the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among pediatric nurses. Methods: A survey was administered to 205 pediatric nurses working in children's, general, and tertiary hospitals situated in Chungcheong province and Seoul. Data were collected in August and September 2022. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 along with the PROCESS macro program. Results: Emotional intelligence had a significant effect, and was a critical factor affecting the job satisfaction of pediatric nurses. Furthermore, communication skills and nurse-parent partnership had a serial double mediating effect. Conclusion: These findings underscore the significance of conducting job satisfaction improvement programs, including strategies for augmenting emotional intelligence, bolstering communication skills, and fostering nurse-parent partnership.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.315-322
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• 2003

Cyclic simple shear tests were performed to find out the effect of preshear on dynamic strength of the sandy soil. Tests were performed for the specimens with 40% and 60% of relative density, under three different effective vertical stress of 50, 100 and 200kPa. For 50 and 100kPa, preshear ratios 0.00, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16 were given, respectively, For low and high relative densities, two different results are shown in dynamic tests. Under the dense conditions, the maximum shear stress ratio($\tau$$\_$cyc//$\sigma$$\_$vo/) and the cyclic shear stress ratio($\tau$$\_$cyc//$\sigma$$\_$vo/) causing a certain shear strain increase with augmenting preshear ratio(${\alpha}$). However, the maximum shear stress ratio and the cyclic shear stress ratio increase or decrease with increasing preshear ratio under the loose conditions. Correction factor(K$\_$${\alpha}$/) for preshear increases at an early stage and then decreases with increasing preshear ratio at loose condition and increase with increasing preshear ratio at dense condition. Correction factor (K$\_$${\alpha}$,Max/) for preshear increases with the increasing preshear ratio irrespective of relative density, and the value of has same behavior as K$\_$${\alpha}$/.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권8호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors, which influence impulsive buying at duty-free shops. This involved an investigation into the effects of demographic characteristics, the types of purchased items, and the situational and emotional factors affecting impulsive purchasing behaviour in consumers, who had bought items from duty free shops in the past three years. The findings are as follows. Firstly, while beverage and cosmetic items were found to encourage impulse buying, in general demographic variables and type of product had only a slight influence. Secondly, the situational factors of price benefits, overseas luxury branding, and ease of access in the duty free shopping area all had a definite positive influence. Thirdly, with regard to emotional factors, positive emotion was found to have strong augmenting effect on impulsive purchasing. The findings can be used in the development of educational materials to prevent impulsive purchasing and promote sensible consumer behaviour.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.143-159
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• 2023

Recently, the design of scaffolding systems has garnered considerable attention due to the increasing number of scaffold collapses. These incidents arise from the underestimation of imposed loads and the site-specific conditions that restrict the application of lateral restraints in scaffold assemblies. The present study is committed to augmenting the buckling resistance of vertical support members, obviating the need for supplementary lateral restraints. To achieve this objective, experimental and computational analyses were performed to assess the axial load buckling capacity of steel props, composed of two hollow steel pipes that slide into each other for a certain length. Three full-scale steel props with various geometric properties were tested to construct and validate the analytical models. The total unsupported length of the steel props is 6 m, while three pins were installed to tighten the outer and inner pipes in the distance they overlapped. Finite Element (FE) modeling is carried out for the three steel props, and the developed models were verified using the experimental results. Also, theoretical analysis is utilized to verify the FE analysis. Using the FE-verified models, a parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of different inserted pipe lengths on the steel props' axial load capacity and lateral displacement. Based on the results, the typical failure mode for the studied steel props is global elastic buckling. Also, the prop's elastic buckling strength is sensitive to the inserted length of the smaller pipe. A threshold of minimum inserted length is one-third of the total length, after which the buckling strength increases. The present study offers a prop with enhanced buckling resistance and introduces an equation for calculating an equivalent effective length factor (k), which can be seamlessly incorporated into Euler's buckling equation, thereby facilitating the determination of the buckling capacity of the enhanced props and providing a pragmatic engineering solution.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2018

본 연구는 꿀벌 꽃가루 열수 추출물(BPW)의 면역 활성에 관하여 알아보기 위하여, 선천면역과 적응면역에서 중심 역할을 수행하는 큰포식세포에 BPW를 처리하여 세포 생존율, NO 분비능, 사이토카인($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$) 분비능과 메커니즘 분석을 통한 신호전달에 관하여 관찰하였다. BPW를 큰포식세포에 처리하여 면역활성에 관하여 알아봤을 때, 큰포식세포 면역활성의 대표적인 바이오마커인 NO, 사이토카인의 분비능과 iNOS의 세포내 발현이 BPW 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 활성화된 탐식 세포의 세포 표면에서 발현되는 CD80과 CD86의 발현과 탐식세포의 항원제시에 밀접한 관련이 있는 주조직적합성 복합체(MHC class I과 II)의 발현이 BPW 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 기전분석 결과, BPW의 처리는 MAPKs의 인산화와 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 핵 내 이동성을 증가시켜 면역활성을 증가시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서 BPW의 처리는 큰포식세포의 활성을 유도시켜 면역활성을 조절하는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.172-183
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• 1999

연구배경: 산화질소(${\cdot}NO$)는 여러 세포에서 산화질소 합성효소(NOS)에 의해서 생산되며 다양한 병태생리과정에 관여한다. 여러 cytokine들이 iNOS의 발현을 촉진시키고 산화질소 생산을 증가시킴으로써 염증반응을 증폭시키고 세포와 조직손상을 초래한다고 알려진 바, 과산화수소($H_2O_2$)가 세포내 NOS의 발현과 산화질소형성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 마우스 대식세포주 RAW264.7에 여러 가지 cytokine과 세균 내독소 (LPS)로 자극을 준 세포군 이에 더하여 $H_2O_2$, NOS 억제제 (L-NAME) 및 항산화제 (catalase)등을 사용하여 세포를 자극한 후 생성된 산화질소 산화물의 농도를 측정하고 Northern analysis로 iNOS mRNA의 발현정도를 보아 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 결과: Cytokine과 LPS 자극군에서 대조군보다 ${\cdot}NO$ 생산이 높았고, 이 자극군에 $H_2O_2$를 추가로 자극하였을 때 ${\cdot}NO$생산이 2 배 이상 유의하게 높았다. Cytokine 자극군에서 $H_2O_2$의 자극 농도에 따른 ${\cdot}NO$생산은 $H_2O_2$의 농도가 증가할수록 유의하게 증가하였다. LPS와 IFN-$\gamma$ 자극군에서 L-NAME을 같이 자극시에 ${\cdot}NO$의 양은 L-NAME의 농도증가에 따라 유의하게 감소하였고, Cytokine 및 $H_2O_2$자극군에서도 추가로 자극한 L-NAME 의 농도증가에 따라 ${\cdot}NO$의 양은 유의하게 감소하였다. Cytokine과 $H_2O_2$ 자극균에 catalase를 같이 자극 하였을 때 ${\cdot}NO$의 양은 유의하게 감소했고, Mercaptoethanol과 phenanthroline을 전처치하고 LPS와 IFN-$\gamma$ 및 $H_2O_2$로 자극한 군에서 이들의 전처치한 농도가 높을수록 ${\cdot}NO$의 양은 유의하게 Cytokine자극군과 IFN-$\gamma$, LPS 자극군에 $H_2O_2$를 추가 자극 후 Northern analysis 결과 $H_2O_2$는 iNOS mRNA 발현을 현저히 증가시켰다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 과산화수소가 cytokine과 내독소 등으로 자극된 마우스 대식세포에서 산화질소생산에 유의한 증폭효과를 나타냈고, iNOS mRNA 의 발현도 증가시켰음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.252-252
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• 2017

Nowadays water shortage is becoming one of the biggest problems in the Korea. Many different methods are developed for conservation of water. Soil water management has become the most indispensable factor for augmenting the crop productivity especially on soybean (Glycine max L.) because of their high susceptibility to both water stress and water logging at various growth stages. The farmers have been using irrigation techniques through manual control which farmers irrigate lands at regular intervals. Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for those who need to travel. If automatic irrigation systems are installed and programmed properly, they can even save you money and help in water conservation. Automatic irrigation systems can be programmed to provide automatic irrigation to the plants which helps in saving money and water and to discharge more precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water conservation. The objective of this study was to determine the possible effect of automatic irrigation systems based on soil moisture on soybean growth. This experiment was conducted on an upland field with sandy loam soils in Department of Southern Area Crop, NICS, RDA. The study had three different irrigation methods; sprinkle irrigation (SI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and fountain irrigation (FI). SI was installed at spacing of $7{\times}7m$ and $1.8m^3/hr$ as square for per irrigation plot, a lateral pipe of SDI was laid down to 1.2 m row spacing with $2.3L\;h^{-1}$ discharge rate, the distance between laterals was 20 cm spacing between drippers and FI was laid down in 3m interval as square for per irrigation plot. Soybean (Daewon) cultivar was sown in the June $20^{th}$, 2016, planted in 2 rows of apart in 1.2 m wide rows and distance between hills was 20 cm. All agronomic practices were done as the recommended cultivation. This automatic irrigation system had valves to turn irrigation on/off easily by automated controller, solenoids and moisture sensor which were set the reference level as available soil moisture levels of 30% at 10cm depth. The efficiency of applied irrigation was obtained by dividing the total water stored in the effective root zone to the applied irrigation water. Results showed that seasonal applied irrigation water amounts were $60.4ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SI), $47.3ton\;10a^{-1}$ (SDI) and $92.6 ton\;10a^{-1}$ (FI), respectively. The most significant advantage of SDI system was that water was supplied near the root zone of plants drip by drip. This system saved a large quantity of water by 27.5% and 95.6% compared to SI, FI system. The average soybean yield was significantly affected by different irrigation methods. The soybean yield by different irrigation methods were $309.7kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SDI $282.2kg\;10a^{-1}$ from SI, $289.4kg\;10a^{-1}$ from FI, and $206.3kg\;10a^{-1}$ from control, respectively. SDI resulted in increase of soybean yield by 50.1%, 7.0% 9.8% compared to non-irrigation (control), FI and SI, respectively. Therefore, the automatic irrigation system supplied water only when the soil moisture in the soil went below the reference. Due to the direct transfer of water to the roots water conservation took place and also helped to maintain the moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant. Thus the system is efficient and compatible to changing environment. The automatic irrigation system provides with several benefits and can operate with less manpower. In conclusion, improving automatic irrigation system can contribute greatly to reducing production costs of crops and making the industry more competitive and sustainable.