• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.199-212
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• 1998

The ultimate goal of this study can be summed up as follows: First, the utility of Time-Lapse that observes and records people's behavior will be shown and its merits and demerits will be discussed through comparing with other data-collecting methods such as the naked- eye observation, and the specific way in which Time-Lapse can be put to use will be suggested. Second, analysis of use behavior boserved in the plaza of Chungryangri station by Time-Lapse will be made, on the basis of which suggestions will be made concerning planing, designing, layout, and management of the station plaza. Time-Lapse can observe and records the plaza of Chungryangri Staton through 6 different ways of recording in Time-Lapse: 30 seconds, every minute, every two minutes, second every five minutes, every one tenth of a second, and every one fifth of a second, and these different ways of recording were analyzed through comparison from one to each other to check their respective utilities. And also analysis of tracks of pedestrians, density, and use behavior of users were made, according to which the way in which Time-Lapse can be utilized was examined. Several useful results obtained from this study are shown as follows. First, Time-Lapse made it possible to continuously observe for a long time using minimu efforts, and a single tape which is able to cover from 12 hours up to 25 days is useful for observing variation of behavior in space with the passage of time and seasons. Second, among six ways of recording, the recording every one tenth of a second and every one fifth of a second are useful for finding the tracks of pedestrians, the number of users, the member compositions, the time spent in one place, and manner of use. And besides the moving direction and its purpose can be recognized in a short time, which makes it possile to see where crossings of moving directions occur. Third, the recording every thirty seconds, every minute, every two minutes, and every five minutes are useful for analyzing the density in space as well as for finding the number of users and frequency of facilities use. In particular the recording every thirty seconds made it possible to keep the track of pedestrians' walking, and to observe even slowly moving motions such as cleaning. But when the recording interval exceeds one minute, this was not possible. Fourth, time-lapse has advantages over the naked eye observation in several respects. Time-lapse can measure observed behavior and density in terms of number, and locate the position of users. Time-Lapse, if accompanied by other methods such as interviewing and question that can examine psychological aspects like satisfaction or the purpose of use and be a useful device for space studies.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.583-595
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• 2020

In this study, using the RCP scenario for Hyoja Drainage subbasin of Cheonggyecheon, we analyzed the change with the Historical and Future rainfall calculated from five GCMs models. As a result of analyzing the average rainfall by each GCMs model, the future rainfall increased by 35.30 to 208.65 mm from the historical rainfall. Future rainfall increased 1.73~16.84% than historical rainfall. In addition, the applicability of LID element technologies such as porous pavement, infiltration trench and green roof was analyzed using the SWMM model. And the applied weight and runoff for each LID element technology are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, although there was a difference for each GCMs model, the runoff increased by 2.58 to 28.78%. However, when single porous pavement and Infiltration trench were applied, Future rainfall decreased by 3.48% and 2.74%, 8.04% and 7.16% in INM-CM4 and MRI-CGCM3 models, respectively. Also, when the two types of LID element technologies were combined, the rainfall decreased by 2.74% and 2.89%, 7.16% and 7.31%, respectively. This is less than or similar to the historical rainfall runoff. As a result of applying the LID elemental technology, it was found that applying a green roof area of about 1/3 of the urban area is the most effective to secure the lag time of runoff. Moreover, when applying the LID method to the old downtown area, it is desirable to consider the priority order in the order of economic cost, maintenance, and cityscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

Competition to attract the increasing container cargoes of North China and the West Japan in North-East Asia region is fairly intensed in recent days between the main ports of Korea, China, and Japan. Inducing a new container cargo make those countries possible to invest enormous fund to mordernize its port facilities, as well as to improve efficiency in Port operation and management. In this situation, Strategy to attract transshipment cargoes is of the immediate necessity, This study, therefore, aims to establish the feasible strategies to attract transshipment container cargoes in the North-East Asian region by empirical analysis, he major output of the research is as follows : First, Busan Port to attract transshipment cargoes is required to adjust port tariff and free storage period with flexibility for liner shipping companies and freight forwarder. Second, Price-Demand function of Busan port between main competitive ports in North-East Asian region that is derived from strategies to attract transshipment cargoes, helps marketing manager to fix scientifically port price as understanding the change of demand quantity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.17-28
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• 2009

There are many limitations in dealing with rapidly changing traffic demand in urban cities. Thus recently, traffic operation and management skills are more emphasized rather than the expansion of traffic facilities. In particular, in the interrupted flow formed by signalized intersections, it is quite important to give optimal signal timing to each intersection with consideration of progression. However, as fixed signal times per direction can affect passing capacity in signalized intersections, the present four-signal phase including a left-turn signal has many limitations, including reduction of directional road capacity when traffic demand is increases dramatically during peak hours. Because of this problem, lots of studies about internal metering techniques for oversaturated signal control skills have progressed but these techniques are not used widely due to the absence of detectors for queue sensing in real-time signal control systems. In this research, a new methodology called the "restrictive left-turn signal control", which is already used at the intersection above Samsung subway station, is suggested in order to reduce control delay of urban arterial roads. The restrictive left-turn signal control allows a driver to make a U-turn and then a right turn instead of turning left in that intersection. With this change, the restrictive left-turn signal control can contribute to increased intersection capacity by reducing the number of signal phases and maximizing the through phase time. However, road structure and traffic conditions at the target intersections should be considered before the adoption of the proposed signal control.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.317-326
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• 1998

Water consumption characteristics on the northern part of Seoul were analyzed using wavelet transform with a base function of Coiflets 5. It turns out that long term evolution mode detected at 212 scale in 1995 was in a shape of hyperbolic tangent over the entire period due to the development of Sanggae resident site. Furthermore, there was seasonal water demand having something to do with economic cycle which reached its peak at the ends of June and December. The amount of this additional consumption was about $1,700\;\textrm{cm}^3/hr$ on June and $500\;\textrm{cm}^3/hr$ on December. It was also shown that the periods of energy containing sinusoidal component were 3.13 day, 33.33 hr, 23.98 hr and 12 hr, respectively, and the amplitude of 23.98 hr component was the most humongous. The components of relatively short frequency detected at $2^i$[i = 1,2,…12] scale were following Gaussian PDF. The most reliable predictive models are multiple AR[32,16,23] and ARMA[20, 16, 10, 23] which the input of temperature from the view point of minimized predictive error, mutual independence or residuals and the availableness of reliable meteorological data. The predicted values of water supply were quite consistent with the measured data which cast a possibility of the deployment of the predictive model developed in this study for the optimal management of water supply facilities.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2018

Two planter boxes were monitored during their initial year of operation to be able to assess their stormwater runoff and pollutant reduction capabilities and investigate on the design factors affecting their performance. One of the planter boxes provided 85-100% runoff volume reduction for rainfall less than 15 mm and rainfall intensities lower than 5 mm/hr. This reduced to 50-64% during higher rainfall intensities and depths of up to 50 mm. Suspended solids, organics, nutrients, and heavy metals were satisfactorily removed at a range of 40-95%. The other planter box, however, did not produce outflow in all the events and allowed total capture of stormwater. The uncertainty regarding the fate of the runoff in that case required an investigation of the planter box's actual drainage and underground conditions which was deemed outside the scope of the study. Nonetheless, several design improvements and retrofits were suggested based on the provisions of current design guidelines to ensure that the hydraulic and water quality goals are achieved without potential damage to nearby structures. Moreover, continuous monitoring data is required to provide more accurate design evaluation and can serve as a guide in the construction of similar facilities in the future.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2018

Interceptor sewer is installed underground near to the river side mostly ofstate-owned land and the management efficiency of public sewage disposal facilities is decreasing as too much infiltration/inflow(I/I) and river flow to interceptor sewer are caused by broken or deteriorated sewer. This also affects the sewer pipeline project and decreases its efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate interceptor sewer which has influence on the reduction of the project effect. The investigation were performed for three study areas. The study includes the investigation of current condition of interceptor sewer(sewer extension, pipe diameter, pipe type, installed year, installed locations, etc), investigation of inside of sewer by CCTV accompanied by pumping and dredging works where required, investigation of inside of manholes by eyes, calculation of pollutant load using the results of investigation of flow quantity and quality. Multipoint investigations were simultaneously performed for flow quantity at confluence area and other investigations were also performed for flow quantity and BOD for interceptor sewer and comparison of pollutant load, investigation of infiltration/inflow(I/I) caused by deterioration of interceptor sewer. As the result of the study, a main reason for reduced effect of sewer pipe improvement project was analyzed as the low-density sewage and I/I in public seweage treatment Facility due to deteriorated and unmanaged interceptor sewers.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 2015

The primary aim of this study was to investigate biosecurity practices in pig farms and to determine the major risk factors associated with PCV2 infection for a sampled swine population in Korea. To this end, we analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of 296 farrow-to-finish farms, which was conducted between March and September 2014 to explore the prevalence of swine disease at farm level. Face-to-face interviews by on-site visit of trained veterinarians were conducted with the farm owners or managers using a standardized questionnaires with information about basic demographical data and management practices. Farms were classified as negative or positive through the use of infection profiles that combined data on serological testing including PCR antigen test result, antibody titer and sero-conversion pattern at each age category taking into account vaccination status. Data were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Results from this study indicated that biosecurity level of the farms was considered not good given low compliance of the biosecurity programs and facilities in the farm: off-site removal of dead stocks (7%), off-site location of storage facility for incoming feeds (12.6%), off-site pick-up location for finishers (19.3%), restrictions on feed supplier vehicles for farm entrance (19.6%), restriction of finisher trucks entering the farm (22.4%), and restriction on manure disposal trucks entering the farm (26.4%). In the final model (n = 255), allowance of finisher truck driver to the pig unit had increased risk of infection (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.22-4.67) whereas farms with a sign forbidding the entrance had decreased risk of infection (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.10-0.58). Further comprehensive research with larger sample size is required to better understand the multifactorial characteristic that some predisposing risk factors that were not available in this study. To the best knowledge of the authors, this was the first study to use empirical data to report risk factors associated with PCV2 infection in the Korean pig farms. Results from the current study could be used to decide optimal biosecurity measures to reduce the impact of PCV2 infection to farmers and policy makers.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2015

The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (KSPID) has participated in the task force team consisting of government authorities as well as civil medical experts and facilities to block the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2015. KSPID posted the "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pop-up" in the homepage of The Korean Pediatric Society and The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. KSPID also released the "Guidelines for testing for MERS in children and adolescents" and the "Instructions for the Operation of National Safe Hospital" for children and adolescents in a timely manner. Such actions were aimed to prevent unnecessary anxieties, studies and isolation of pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms and signs caused by other common microbial etiologies as being suspected for MERS patients. This strategy relieved the doctors and parents from unnecessary fear and prevented the loss of unnecessary health care costs, and has proven to be a well-judged guideline and management protocol as evaluated after the final end of MERS outbreak. KSPID and its members should support the presence of pediatric infectious disease (PID) specialists in every medium size hospitals in Korea by developing the need for consultation fees for PID consultation in the hospital based practice and promoting the potential for cost savings related to prevention of health care associated infections and optimal prescription of antimicrobial agents. KSPID and its members need to approach and develop a communication plan to political decision makers to demonstrate and convince them of the importance of a PID specialist service.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2006

This paper describes the changes of characteristics of pig slurry according to storing depth. Most of the substances containing pollutants, such as were Management of manure and wastewater from animal confinement facilities is a critical factor for pollution control. With proper treatment processing method in both solid and liquid forms, it can be used as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. In Korea, liquid-manure handling system is very popular because its treatment and application is easy and labor saving. In the storage tank treatment, the period of fermentation process and solids-liquid separation averages six months and the supernatant liquid is being used as a fertilizer. In this study, the changes in chemical characteristics of pig slurry at varying depths of the storage tank were investigated. Results showed that the pH value of the fermented pig slurry was > 7, while the major pollutants such as BOD, SS, N and P were highest in the bottom of the tank. Therefore, the above findings proved that varying depths in the storage tank can influence the concentration of pollutants of the fermented pig slurry.