• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.165-178
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to research the facial shape and suggest quantified data for the domestic fashion cordinaton and beauty industry. A measurement survey of 264 female college students aged from 20 to 24, was conducted with photographs of front view and later view taken by digital camera. Two hundred values were generated through the facial measurement program. In the results, for the coefficient of variance of the height was highly related with height, radial length was highly related with radial length, and breadth with highly related with breadth. However Gnation breadth, Zygomatic breadth, Philtrum breadth were lowly related and indefendent with other items.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.705-714
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• 1994

This study was carried out to identify the craniometric characteristics of the skull of Korean native goat. The results were as follows; The skull index, cranial index, facial index, right orbital index and left orbital index were $55.86{\pm}2.14$, $59.97{\pm}3.68$, $107.03{\pm}5.71$, $92.22{\pm}4.54$and $90.47{\pm}5.48$, respectively. The ratio of facial length to cranial length was 1:1.15 and the ratio of length of cranial base to palatal length was 1:1.35. The skull length was more correlated to the facial length than to the cranial length(p<0.01). The skull width was more correlated to the width between foramina supraorbitales than to the width between foramina infraorbitales. It also showed negative correlation to the medial width between bases of processus cornualis but positive correlation to the lateral width between bases of processus cornualis(p<0.01). The width between tips of both horns showed high positive correlation to the medial width between processus cornualis, but negative correlation to the lateral width(p<0.01).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.227-238
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of growth hormone treatment (GHT) on craniofacial growth in children of short stature. Methods: Nineteen untreated children of short stature were referred from the Pediatric Department, Yeungnam University Hospital as a subject group. All subjects had lateral cephalograms taken before, after 1 year and after 2 years of growth hormone treatment. As a reference group, we selected 19 normal children with paired sampling who matched the subjects' age and sex, from the Department of Orthodontics, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Results: Before GHT, anterior cranial base length and upper posterior facial height, posterior total facial height, mandibular ramus length, and mandibular corpus length were significantly smaller in the reference group. In angular craniofacial measurements, saddle angle and mandibular plane angle were larger. SNA and SNB were smaller in the reference group. After two years of GHT, growth hormone accelerated growth in several craniofacial components. The posterior total facial height, the anterior, posterior cranial base length, and the mandibular ramus length were increased. And the difference in mandibular plane angle and ANB values compared with the reference group was decreased. Conclusions: GHT over 2 years leads to a craniofacial catch-up growth tendency, which is pronounced in interstitial cartilage and condylar cartilage.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.1 s.27
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• pp.107-122
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to assess the growth changes of craniofacial complex and to establish Korean norms by McNamara's cephalometric analysis. Lateral cephalograms were obtained from males and females with normal occlusion & acceptable profiles in 9-21 years of age. The lateral cephalograms of males & females in 9-13 years of age were serial cephalometric radiograms which were taken at 2 year interval. 11 landmarks, 10 planes and 3 angles were plotted and measured linearly and angularly. The results were as follows: 1. The author made the tables of means, standard deviations in each item, sex, age. 2. During 9-13 years of age, annual growth increments of effective maxillary length, effective mandibular length and lower anterior facial height were 1.90, 2.89 and 0.99mm. 3. The prediction tabulation was made in an attempt to predict effective mandibular length & lower anterior facial height derived from effective maxillary length.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.3 s.50
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• pp.287-297
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• 1995

This study was performed to establish the cephalometric standards and growth changes necessary to create the Growth Forecast without Treatment at adolescence. The data from biennial serial cephalometric radiographs of 25 male and 21 female subjects aged from 8 to 16 years of Normal Koreans were used for this study. The following results were obtained. 1. There were no significant value changes of facial axis angle, fn to palatal plane angle, BA-NA-A angle, lower facial height and lower incisor protrusion as the age increased. 2. From continuous increasing measurements(anterior and posterior cranial babe length, facial axis length, condyle axis length, corpus axis length), the annual growth changes, average annual growth changes and changes for 8 years were obtained. 3. From continuous increasing measurements, significant differences were observed between male and female subjects in most annual growth changes after age of 12 years, average annual growth changes and changes for 8 years (p<0.05). 4. All linear and angular measurements were plotted by using X-Y plotter and personal computer. The visual norms for both sexes were obtained. There was considerable growth, for male, for each period especially the most remarkable growth from the age of 12 to 14. For female, the upmost growth was showed from the age of 10 to 12, and gradually decreased since then.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.57.1-57.8
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• 2019

Background: The relationship between the lateral deviation of chin and the upper and middle facial third asymmetry is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation of upper and middle facial third asymmetry with lateral deviation of chin using 3-dimensional computed tomography. The study was conducted on patients who underwent orthognathic surgery from January 2016 to August 2017. A total of 40 patients were included in this retrospective study. A spiral scanner was used to obtain the 3-dimensional computed tomography scans. The landmarks were assigned on the reconstructed 3-dimensional images, and their locations were verified on the axial, midsagittal, and coronal slices. The Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between chin deviation and difference between the measurements of distances in paired craniofacial structures. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of 5%. Results: In mandible, the degree of chin deviation was correlated with the mandibular length and mandibular body length. Mandibular length and mandibular body length are shorter on the deviated-chin side compared to that on the non-deviated side (mandibular length, r = -0.897, p value < 0.001; mandibular body length, r = -0.318, p value = 0.045). In the upper and middle facial thirds, the degree of chin deviation was correlated with the vertical asymmetry of the glenoid fossa and zygonion. Glenoid fossa and zygonion are superior on the deviated-chin side than on the non-deviated side (glenoid fossa, r = 0.317, p value = 0.046; zygonion, r = 0.357, p value = 0.024). Conclusion: Lateral deviation of chin is correlated with upper and middle facial third asymmetry as well as lower facial third asymmetry. As a result, treatment planning in patients with chin deviation should involve a careful evaluation of the asymmetry of the upper and middle facial thirds to ensure complete patient satisfaction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 1987

To investigate the relationship between craniofacial growth and bone maturity of the hand wrist in normal occlusion, the author took cephalogram and handwrist radiogram of 391 students (male 192, female 199) and assessed the measurements of cephalogram according to skeletal maturity stages of the hand and wrist. In this study, four skeketal stages and 36 linear, angular measurements of the cephalometrics were selected. In hand-wrist X-ray the bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the middle phalanges of the third finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. In cephalogram, the landmark used to measure the angle and length were N, S, Po., Ar., Go., Me., Gn., Pog., Point B, Point A, ANS, PNS, Or., U1, L1, U6, L6 etc.. The results were as follows, 1. The table of mean, standard deviation, p-value from measurements were made in each group and both sex. 2. The increased measurements according to skeletal maturity were anterior cranial bese length, posterior cranial base length, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, L1 to mandibular plane (mm), facial plane angle. In contrast to, decreased measurements were genial angle, facial cnvexity and facial plane angle. 3. Denture pattern measurements (IMPA, FMIA, occlusal plane to Go-Gn, interincisal angle, U1 to SN plane, U1 to SN plane, U1 to facial plane, L1 to facial plane etc.) .had nothing to do with skeletal maturity. 4. Skeletal maturity had close relationship with craniofacial growth, but had little to do with tooth development.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.440-448
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• 1998

In many developed countries, for example, USA, respirator fit testing is required before entering specific work environment to ensure that the respirator worn satisfies a minimum of fit and that the user knows when the respirator fits properly. Unfortunately because we have not fit test regulation in Korea, a lot of workers wearing respirators may be potentially exposed to hazards. This study was conducted to evaluate the fitting performance for respirators and correlation fit factors with facial dimensions of wearers. 110 subjects (70 males, 40 females) were fit tested for three quarter masks, i.e., two domestic-made Mask 2, and Y and one foreign-made Mask T using PortaCount 8020. A facial dimension survey of the same subjects was conducted to develop a facial dimension grids fer correlation fit factors with facial dimension parameters. A facial dimension grid was developed on the basis of face length and lip length for quarter masks. The results obtained were as follows : 1 Fit factors of Mask T were much higher than those of Masks Z, and Y. 2. Males were fitted more properly than females. 3. Male in box 'f' of grid would be adequately fitted Mask Y and male in box 'b', 'e', 'f', 'h' of grid would be sufficiently fitted Mask T. Female in box 'h' of grid may have a good fitting performance for both Mask Y, and T. But subjects in all boxes of grid would be inadequately fitted Mask Z.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.1 s.25
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• pp.235-252
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• 1988

The quadrilateral analysis is a proportional analysis which evaluates the skeletal configuration of lower face on the relations between both jaws in the horizontal as we]1 as vortical dimensions. This study was undertaken to analyse the harmony and disharmony of quadrilateral patterns in normal occlusion and malocclusion. The present study was carried out on lateral cephalograms of 530 Korean children; the subjects consisted of 135 normal occlusions (63 male and 72 female), 105 Class II division 1 malocclusions (52 male and 53 female), 109 Class III malocclusions (50 male and 59 female), 91 hypodivergent facial types (44 male and 47 female) and 90 hyperdivergent facial types (45 male and 45 female). The following conclusions were reached: 1. Means and standard deviation in each group and sex were obtained from normal occlusion and malocclusion. 2. Quadrilateral mean diagram in normal occlusion was constructed for male and female, respectively. 3. In normal occlusion, 1:1 ratio exists between the maxillary base length (A' to Ptm') and mandibular base length (B' to J'), but lower facial height is targer than above. 4. Difference is effective to estimate the degrees of Class II and Class III malocclusion, and lower facial height (LFH) and sagittal angle is effective to recognize the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent facial type. 5. Quadrilateral analysis is able to visualize the anteroposterior and vertical dysplasia of lower face, and it is helpful to recognize certain problems in malocclusion.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.191-213
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• 1984

This study was made on the facial profile of the normal Korean children using the roentgenographic cephalograms. The subjects consisted 51 males and 47 females children of primary dentition with the normal occlusion and acceptable profile. For this study 13 soft tissue profile landmarks were plotted and 14 liner length, 9 soft tissue thickness, 8 vertical height length, 12 angles of soft tissue profile, and 2 vertical proportion were measured. The mean and standard deviations in the subjects were calculated and compared between male and female. The following results were obtained : 1. By the significant test, total facial convexity angle and soft tissue thickness were no significant difference between both sexes. 2. Lower facial height was greater than upper facial height in both sexes. 3. The vertical length of the upper and lower lips were 21.95 mm, 40.74 mm in male and 21.62 mm, 39.63 mm in female. 4. In the relationship of the upper lip and lower lip to the Ricketts' esthetic line, the male was 1.3 mm, 1.18 mm and the female was 1.16 mm, 1.27 mm front of the esthetic line. 5. Compared with the angulation of flush terminal plane group and mesial step group, the mesial step group was greater than the flush terminal plane group except the chin angle.