• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.131-144
• /
• 2015

The object of this study was to find out the influence of female consumers' cosmetics purchase experience on image-making efficacy and cosmetics pursuit benefits. Total 405 surveys of women working at the industrial complex in Daegu-Kyoungbuk area were used for data analysis. Frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and ${\chi}^2$-test were used for data analysis. Our findings are as follows. Cosmetics purchase experience of female consumers had factors as recognition experience, relationship experience, emotional experience, visit experience, and sensual experience. The factors of image-making efficacy were self-confidence in displaying, ability of facial expression and display ability while those of cosmetics purchase experience turned out to be trend/brand pursuit, appearance improvement pursuit, functionality pursuit and economic feasibility pursuit. Cosmetics purchase experience was found to have significant effects on the factors of image-making efficacy, and cosmetics purchase experience on factors of cosmetics pursuit benefits. The differences by ages variable was examined with relation to the level of make-up and how they chose products when buying.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.187-195
• /
• 2017

상안면부 외상(upper facial trauma)의 초기진단에서 standard Water's view (S-Water's)는 여러 구조물의 중첩과 얇은 뼈의 해부학적 특성 때문에 검사 시 적절한 노출조건, 정확한 환자위치잡이, 환자의 도움, 촬영자의 전문성과 숙련도가 필요하다. 본 연구는 엎드린 자세가 불가능한 경우 안와 골절에 대한 진단적 가치를 높이고 자 reverse Water's view (R-Water's)의 적절한 각도를 찾고자 하였다. 인체모형 팬텀를 사용하였고, 촬영조건은 75 kVp, 400 mA, 45 ms, 1 mAs, SID 100 cm였다. 검사방법은 팬텀을 테이블에 똑바로 누운 자세에서 orbito-meatal line (OML)의 각도를 $0^{\circ}$에서 $50^{\circ}$ 범위에서 촬영 각도를 조절하여 영상을 얻었다. R-Water's 영상 평가는 자체 개발한 평가항목을 토대로 분석하였다. 세부항목으로는 상악동(maxillary sinus), 관골궁(zygomatic arch), 추체부(petrous ridge)와 영상왜곡(image distortion)이었다. 통계분석은 Kippendorff's alpha와 kappa를 확장한 Fleiss' kappa를 적용하였다. 각 항목별 총 세 명의 평가자에 대한 일치도는 상악동, 0.957 (0.903, 0.995); 관골궁, 0.939 (0.866, 0.987); 추체부, 0.972 (0.897, 1.000); 영상 왜곡, 0.949 (0.830, 1.000)로 모두 높았다. 측정별 각도 구간을 분석에 대한 high-quality (HI)와 perfect agreement (PA)로 정의하여 각 항목별로 점수화한 결과, 상악동 ($36^{\circ}-44^{\circ}$), 관골궁 ($33^{\circ}-40^{\circ}$), 추체능선 ($32^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$), 영상왜곡 ($44^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$)구간에서 높았다. 본 연구결과 상안면부 외상환자에 있어 똑바로 누운 자세에서의 R-Water's의 적정 각도는 $36^{\circ}-40^{\circ}$로 판단된다. 본 연구결과는 단순촬영을 통한 안면부 골절의 신속한 진단에 도움을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.87-97
• /
• 2011

안면비대칭의 원인은 다양하며, 비대칭적 성장은 상악골과 하악골의 길이나 각도로 평가되어지곤 한다. 하지만 하악 과두의 비대칭적인 위치나 형태 또한 비대칭의 표현에 영향을 줄 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구는 하악 과두가 안면비대칭의 표현형인 이부 편위에 영향을 주는지에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 50명의 골격성 III급 부정교합자 중 4 mm 이상의 menton point deviation을 보이는 비대칭군 30명, 4 mm 이하의 menton point deviation을 보이며 뚜렷한 안면비대칭이 없는 20명을 대칭군으로 하여, 두개저에 대한 좌우 하악 과두의 근원심적, 전후방적 위치를 평가하고, axial 평면에서 장축을 설정해 하악 과두의 최대 크기와 coronal plane에 대한 각도를 평가하였으며, sigmoid notch 상방 하악 과두의 길이와 부피를 측정하였다. 대칭군은 좌우 하악 과두의 위치, 각도, 크기, 길이, 부피에 있어 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 비대칭군은 이부 편위측과 비편위측으로 나누어볼 때, 이부 편위에 따른 좌우 하악 과두의 위치와 angulation 에서 통계적 차이는 없었으나, 하악 과두의 크기, 길이 및 부피에서는 비편위측 값이 컸고, 이부 편위량이 클수록 좌우 크기, 길이의 차이 및 편위측에 대한 비편위측 하악 과두의 부피비가 컸다. 또한 편위측에 대한 비편위측 하악 과두의 부피비가 이부 편위의 정도를 가장 잘 설명해주는 특성이었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 하악 과두의 비대칭이 안면비대칭의 발현에 영향을 주며, 비편위측 하악 과두가 편위측에 비해 크고 길다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.383-393
• /
• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 심미적 안모를 가진 한국 성인 여성을 대상으로 연조직 측모 분석을 시행하여 현재 선호되는 안모 형태를 알아보고, 국내 및 국외 연구 결과와 비교하여, 향후 교정치료 및 악교정수술 복합교정치료시 진단과 치료 계획수립에 도움이 되고자 하는 것이다. 연구 대상은 조화롭고 심미적인 안모를 가지며 competent lip을 가진 30명의 성인 여자 모델이었다. 이들을 natural head position에서 중심교합 상태 및 상하순을 이완시킨 상태에서 측모 두부계측방사선 사진과 정모, 측모 사진을 촬영하여 18명을 최종 선정하였다 연조직 측모의 각도, 거리, 비율 계측을 시행하여 평균과 표준 편차를 구하였고 국내외의 다른 연구와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 상하순은 Ricketts' E line에 대해서 모두 후방에 위치하였다(상순 : -2.08mm to E line, 하순 : -0.04 mm to E line). 2. 정상교합자를 대상으로 한 이전의 연구에 비해서는 상하순 모두 후방에 위치하였고, 심미성을 기준으로 선정한 이전의 연구에 비해서는 상하순 모두 전방에 위치하였다. 3. 이 대상의 비순각의 평균은 101.03도이며 표준편차는 8.47도였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2000

교정 치료계획을 세우기 전에 부정교합에 기여하는 안면 비대칭의 정도를 정확히 평가하는 것은 무엇보다도 중요하다. 안면 비대칭의 진단은 주로 정모, 이하 두정, 두정 이하 방사선 사진이 이용되고 있다. 이중 이하 두정 방사선 사진은 반복재현성이 벌어지고 연구자료와 적절한 분석방법이 없다는 이유로 많이 사용되지 않고 있다. 이에 이 연구의 목적은 교정환자나 악교정 수술을 요하는 환자의 치료를 위하여 임상적으로 이용할 수 있는 이하 두정 방사선 계측사진의 분석방법을 개발하고 한국 성인에서의 정상치를 얻는데 있다. 연구 대상은 조화를 이루고 균형 잡힌 안모를 가진 교정치료 경험이 없는 40명의 성인을 대상으로 하였으며, 이하 두정 방사선 사진을 촬영하여 2개의 각도계측 항목과 9개의 선 계측항목을 측정하였다. 이하 두정 방사선 사진 분석에서 정상인에서 하악체의 길이는 좌, 우측 차이를 발견할 수 없었으나 정모, 측모 방사선사진의 계측 값과는 큰 차이를 보여, 비대칭의 절대적 양의 측정에는 어느 정도 한계가 있다. 기준선에 대한 좌, 우측 비교는 기준선을 설정하는 방법에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 과두의 위치 평가는 f. spinosum을 연결한 선의 수직이등분선을 정중선으로 사용하는 것이 가장 작은 편차를 보였으며, 상, 하악의 skeletal midline과 dental midline의 일치 여부 등을 판단할 때는 crista gli와 anterior process of atlas와 같이 midsagittal line 상에 위치하는 구조물을 이용하여 정중선을 설정하는 것이 가장 작은 편차를 보였다. 그리고 하악 과두 및 하악체의 형태이상을 관찰하는데는 매우 높은 진단적 가치를 가지고 있다. 그러므로 이하 두정방사선사진의 한계를 정확히 이해하고 정모, 측모 두부방사선사진과 함께 비대칭 분석에 이용한다면 보다 정확하게 비대칭 부위와 정도를 측정하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제61권10호
• /
• pp.332-337
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Bell's palsy is characterized by sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness. The use of corticosteroids for childhood Bell's palsy is controversial. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics, etiology, and laboratory findings in childhood Bell's palsy, and to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of children under 19 years of age treated for Bell's palsy between January 2009 and June 2017, and followed up for over 1 month. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging data, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes were reviewed. Patients with Bell's palsy were divided into groups with (group 1) and without (group 2) corticosteroid treatment. Differences in onset age, sex, laterality, infection and vaccination history, degree of facial nerve palsy, and prognosis after treatment between the groups were analyzed. Results: One hundred patients were included. Mean age at presentation was $7.4{\pm}5.62years$. A total of 73 patients (73%) received corticosteroids with or without intravenous antiviral agents, and 27 (27%) received only supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in the severity, laboratory findings, or neuroimaging findings between the groups. Significant improvement was observed in 68 (93.2%) and 26 patients (96.3%) in groups 1 and 2, respectively; this rate was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.48). Conclusion: Childhood Bell's palsy showed good prognosis with or without corticosteroid treatment; there was no difference in prognosis between treated and untreated groups. Steroid therapy in childhood Bell's palsy may not significantly improve outcomes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.851-860
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Reduction by simply assembling bones is recognized as treatment for a zygoma fracture. However, in patients who originally had a protruding zygoma, the fractured parts look like malarplasty after the edema subsides, giving a soft impression which patients notice. Thus, we created symmetry through simultaneous contralateral malar reduction in a unilateral zygoma fracture. Methods: In this study, the patients who had surgery between July, 2008 and December, 2009 with admission were object. In 76 patients with a zygoma fracture, the patients with bilateral zygoma fractures were excluded. Among 48 patients who had a reduction only after a unilateral zygoma fracture, the patients hoping for a reduction of their rough protruding zygoma were analyzed with front cephalometry. The study progressed on 22 patients who had simultaneous contralateral malar reduction in a unilateral zygoma fracture with consent. After fixing the fracture, we did a straight zygoma osteotomy through a 1.5 cm intraoral incision. After that, we created symmetry with a special ruler and fixed the broken zygomatic arch with a screw and plate. We evaluated the facial index and satisfaction with a statistical analysis before and after the surgery. Results: In 22 patients, there was no reoperation except for 1 patient who had a zygoma fracture. None of the patients were treated for infection or hematoma. Two patients complained of paresthesia after the malar reduction operation, but this subsided in 4 months. Most of them were satisfied with the malar reduction, especially the women, and we obtained a better mid facial contour with decreased facial width ($p$ <0.05). Conclusion: Existing zygoma fracture surgery focuses on anatomical reduction. However, we need to have a cosmetic viewpoint in fractures as interests of face contour arise. Thus, contralateral malar reduction got a 4.7 (range 0~5) from patients who had malar reduction surgery in our hospital. Although adjusting to all zygoma fractures has limitations, it can be a new method in zygoma fractures when there are limited indications of protruding zygoma and careful attention is given to patients' high demands.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제16권
• /
• pp.7-34
• /
• 2001

This Study analyzes the fact that whether or not, the applicant, by failing to object promptly to the facial discrepancies of the presented documents and to return those documents to the issuing bank, has waived his right to sue for breach of the Application agreement based on the recent Korea-US Case law. Some commentators claim that an applicant has a duty to notify the issuing bank within a reasonable time after receiving the documents that they do not comply with the letter of credit requirements and to return those documents to the issuing bank, and also suggest that a failure to do so result in a waiver of discrepancies that operates as a matter of law. But such decisions make little sense in letter of credit transaction. Unless otherwise agreed, Applicant agreement does not require that the applicant notify the issuing bank of any facial discrepancies of the documents or return those documents. Moreover there is no support in the body of law, i.e., UCP 500 or the Revised UCC Article 5, for an automatic waiver or preclusion arising from the applicant's failure to object promptly. In addition, beyond the lack of authority to support an automatic waiver arising from the applicant's failure to object and return the documents, in a letter of credit transaction the issuing bank is the only party charged with the duty of scrutinizing documents. Therefore, if there are discrepancies, it is the bank that should have to seek an express waiver from the applicant ; the issuing bank should not avoid responsibility for failing to notice discrepancies because the applicant was slow to scrutinize the documents closely or because the applicant failed to inform the issuing bank of such discrepancies. Requiring that applicants inspect documents independently defeats the purpose of retaining the issuing bank, erodes the bank's responsibility to perform its role diligently, and may result in the bank avoiding liability despite negligent payment. If the bank wants to require an applicant to report discrepancies promptly, he may include a provision in the Application agreement limiting the time limit within which the applicant must give notice of facial discrepancies and return the documents. This approach will ensure the continued wide-spread use of documentary credit as a reliable payment mechanism.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제16권12호
• /
• pp.1150-1158
• /
• 2010

In this study, the Polynomial-based Radial Basis Function Neural Networks is proposed as one of the recognition part of overall face recognition system that consists of two parts such as the preprocessing part and recognition part. The design methodology and procedure of the proposed pRBFNNs are presented to obtain the solution to high-dimensional pattern recognition problem. First, in preprocessing part, we use a CCD camera to obtain a picture frame in real-time. By using histogram equalization method, we can partially enhance the distorted image influenced by natural as well as artificial illumination. We use an AdaBoost algorithm proposed by Viola and Jones, which is exploited for the detection of facial image area between face and non-facial image area. As the feature extraction algorithm, PCA method is used. In this study, the PCA method, which is a feature extraction algorithm, is used to carry out the dimension reduction of facial image area formed by high-dimensional information. Secondly, we use pRBFNNs to identify the ID by recognizing unique pattern of each person. The proposed pRBFNNs architecture consists of three functional modules such as the condition part, the conclusion part, and the inference part as fuzzy rules formed in 'If-then' format. In the condition part of fuzzy rules, input space is partitioned with Fuzzy C-Means clustering. In the conclusion part of rules, the connection weight of pRBFNNs is represented as three kinds of polynomials such as constant, linear, and quadratic. Coefficients of connection weight identified with back-propagation using gradient descent method. The output of pRBFNNs model is obtained by fuzzy inference method in the inference part of fuzzy rules. The essential design parameters (including learning rate, momentum coefficient and fuzzification coefficient) of the networks are optimized by means of the Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed pRBFNNs are applied to real-time face recognition system and then demonstrated from the viewpoint of output performance and recognition rate.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.212-219
• /
• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze 11 cases of subcutaneous emphysema associated with dental procedures from a single hospital and discuss approaches for accurate diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 11 patients who were treated for subcutaneous emphysema related to dental procedures between January 2009 and April 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with subcutaneous emphysema within the facial area or that spread to the neck and beyond, including the facial region, were assigned to two groups and compared in terms of age, sex, and durations of antibiotic use, hospitalization, and follow-up until improvement. The correlation between location of the origin tooth and range of emphysema spread was analyzed. Results: The average durations of antibiotic use during conservative treatment and follow-up until improvement were 8.55 days (standard deviation [SD], 4.46 days) and 1.82 weeks (SD, 1.19 weeks), respectively. There was no intergroup difference in duration of antibiotic use (P=0.329) or followup (P=0.931). Subcutaneous emphysema was more common after dental procedures involving the maxilla or posterior region than after those involving the mandible or anterior region. There was no significant difference in air distribution according to location of the air orifice (maxilla, mandible, or both; P=0.106). Conclusion: Upon adequate conservative treatment accompanied by prophylactic antibiotic treatment considering the risk of infection, patients showed signs of improvement within a few days or weeks. There was no significant difference in treatment period between patients with subcutaneous emphysema localized to the facial region and those with subcutaneous emphysema spreading to the neck or beyond. These findings need to be confirmed by analysis of additional cases.