• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.241-260
• /
• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.25 no.1 s.48
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 1995

Distributions and trends were examined in 2155 malocclusion patients who had been examined and diagnosed at Deparment of Orthodontics in Youngdong Severance Hospital over a 10 year-period from 1984 to 1993. The results were as follows ; 1. The number of patients per you had nearly quadrupled during the 10 year-period, with females($58.3\%$) outnumbering males ($41.7\%$). 2. Age distribution had shown 7-12 year-old group being the largest($53.3\%$), but percentages of 7-12 year-old and 13-18 year-old groups had been decreasing while that of above-19 patients had gradually incresed. 3. Distributions in the types of malocclusion according to the Angle's Classification had shown $27.8\%$ for Class I, $22.6\%$ for Class II division 1, $7.9\%$ for Class II division 2, and $41.6\%$ for Class III. Percentages of Class I patients had decreased while percentages of Class II and III patients had increased. 4. Non-extraction cases ($75.4\%$) had outnumbered extraction cases ($24.6\%$), with a general trend toward fewer extraction cases over the 10 year period. 5. Patients who had orthognathic surgery had been increasing, with Class I, II, and III cases comprising $8.8\%,\;16.9\%\;and\;74.3\%$, respectively. There had been three times as newly 2-jaw operations as 1-jaw operations. 6. Nearly $4\%$ of the subjects had facial asymmetries, with Class III cases being the most frequent. 7. Patients with TMD symptoms comprised $4.6\%$, with an increasing trend. The symptoms had occurred more frequently in older patients and in females. 8. Geograpic distributions showed majority (3/4) of patients from the nearby areas, namely Gangnam-gu, Seocho-gu and Songpa-gu.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.27 no.6 s.65
• /
• pp.963-978
• /
• 1997

Orthodontic patients are individuals that grow and develop ;therefore selection of the proper time for orthodontic treatment Is considered to be one of the most difficult and yet difficult factor.Since the development of cephalometric X-ray, amount and pattern of craniofacial growth change with aging could be predicted and became useful in the process of orthodontic treatment. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements and body height and weight was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean children from the ages of 3-years to 12-years. 126 boys and 90 girls with no abnormality in growth and development and no history of orthodontic treatment from the ages of 3 years to 12 years were chosen as subjects: Cephalometric X-ray were taken for 2 years and hard tissue analysis based on Burstone's COGS, which was divided into measurements of 6 parts (Cranial base, Maxillar and Mandible, Vertical measurements, Horizontal measurements, Basal bone relationship, Dental measurements). The relationship between craniofacial growth and body height & weight was studied. The following conclusions were obtained : 1. The maximum growth in the measurements of cranial base, N-Ar(FH), N-Ba(FH) corresponded with the age with the maximum increasein body height & weight in both boys and girls. 2. Genial angle gradually decreased with aging in both boys and girls. 3. N-ANS(L) showed greater amount of growth than ANS-Me(L), and this had greater influence on facial profile. 4. $N-A-Pog^{\circ}$ decreased with aging, and mandibular growth exceeded maxillary growth in amount and rate. 5. Length of Y-axis increased, but Y-axis to FH plane remained constant. This show that mandible grows at a constant angulation to cranial base. 6. As Permanent teeth erupt, interincisal angle deceased.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.739-744
• /
• 1999

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of T3 sympathicotomy in treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Material and Method: During the period of June to December 1998, 50 patients (24 females and 26 males) suffering from palmar hyperhidrosis either in isolation (n=37) or in combination with axillary hyperhidrosis (n=13) were operated. The mean age of the patients was 20 years. The bilateral sympathetic trunks were severed on the 3rd rib (2nd and 3rd ganglia) for the isolated palmar hyperhidrosis and on the 3rd and 4th ribs for the combined type using electrocoagulation scissors. A linear analogue scale was used to assess the degree of sweating on the palms, face, trunk, and feet (ranged 0 to 10:0 = anhidrosis: 10 = excessive sweating) as well as the patient's satisfaction with the surgery (ranged 0 to 10:0 = regret; 10 = completely satisfied). Result: All of the patients were relieved from palmar hyperhidrosis. A mean palmar sweat production score after T3 sympathicotomy was $1.5\pm$0.8. Some degree of compensatory sweating had occurred in 39 patients (78%) with a mean score of 3.4$\pm$1.6. Gustatory sweating occurred in 2 patients (4%). The mean score of the patient's satisfaction after the surgery was 8.5$\pm$1.2. Conclusion: Palmar hyperhidrosis can be successfully relieved by the T3 sympathicotomy. When considering the advantages of T3 sympathicotomy with respects to a better preservation of facial sympathetic function, less occurrence of severe compensatory sweating, and lower incidence of gustatory sweating. We recommend T3 sympathicotomy as a treatment of choice for palmar hyperhidrosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.11
• /
• pp.1180-1185
• /
• 2006

Purpose : The aims of this study were to verify the incidence of hypohidrosis and to determine the predictive value of noninvasive indicator test ($Neurocheck^{TM}$) for sweating after administration of topiramate in newly diagnosed pediatric epileptic patients. Methods : A total of 46 epileptic patients (22 boys; 24 girls) on topiramate treatment were evaluated in this study at the Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, from October 2004 to July 2005. We measured sweating functions using a noninvasive sweating test ($Neurocheck^{TM}$) before topiramate medication, and after 3 months when topiramate reached its target dosage. We performed a direct questionnaire survey for the hypohidrosis related symptoms during topiramate treatment. Results : The mean age was $7.8{\pm}3.2year$. The mean dosage of topiramate was $4.5{\pm}0.8mg/kg/day$. Among the patients, there were 40 complex partial seizures, one simple partial seizure, two partial seizures with secondarily generalization, two generalized seizures, and one Lennox-Gastaut syndrome case. Of the 46 epileptic patients, 17 patients (37.0 percent) experienced hypohidrosis and hypohidrosis related symptoms, 12 (26.1 percent) had facial flushing, four (8.7 percent) had heat intolerance, one (2.2 percent) had lethargy, but no one had anhidrosis. Among the 17 patients, the mild group numbered 12 and the severe group totalled five. Hypohidrosis by $Neurocheck^{TM}$ was diagnosed in 16 patients. The overall measures of agreement between $Neurocheck^{TM}$ and the survey was 76.5 percent. The specificity of this test was 89.7 percent. Patients who showed a time delay after medication, especially over 3 minutes, were seen only in the severe group. Conclusion : $Neurocheck^{TM}$ could be clinically useful to detect and predict topiramate induced hypohidrosis in pediatric epileptic patients. We recommend that patients who show a delay over 3 minutes in $Neurocheck^{TM}$ test after topiramate initiation should be monitored for hypohydrosis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.25 no.5 s.52
• /
• pp.613-625
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of relapse following orthognathic surgery and the relationship between preoperative state and the methods of orthognathic surgery in skeletal Class III patients. Thirty-one patients were selected(17 men, and 14 women) for this study, who had received orthognathic surgery(20 one jaw surgery, and 11 two jaw surgery). The mean age was 22.5 years. Their lateral cephalograms, that were taken preoperatively, immediate postoperatively and follow-up over one year, were traced and analysed. The results were as follows : 1. In two jaw surgery, mandibular length, lower facial height and lower lip length were 4.24mm, 4.64mm and 4.13mm longer than in one jaw surgery, respectively But in two jaw surgery, overjet was 3.13mm shorter than in one jaw surgery. 2. In one jaw surgery, mandible was moved back $8.95\pm4.45mm$ at B point. In two jaw surgery, maxilla was moved forward $5.15\pm3.46mm$ and mandible was moved back $7.24\pm9.11mm$ at B point. 3. Between postoperation and follow-up over one year, A point, A' point, Pn and Sn were moved backward 1.02 $\pm$ 2.14mm, $1.73\pm1.63mm,\;1.05\pm1.48mm\;and\;1.55\pm1.37mm$ in two jaw surgery, respectively. 4. Between postoperation and follow-up over one year, in one jaw surgery, B point was moved forward $2.58\pm4.22mm$ and B' point was moved forward $1.95\pm4.39mm$. In two jaw surgery, B point was moved forward $0.65\pm2.88mm$ and B' point was moved forward $0.19\pm3.32mm$. In one jaw surgery, relapse rate was $28\%$ at B point and $24\%$ at B' point, whereas in two jaw surgery, relapse rate was $8\%$ at B point and $3\%$ at B' point.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.61-73
• /
• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate clinical assessment and cephalometric characteristics in 10s patients with condylar resorption, who visited in the Department of Oral Medicine Kyungpook National University Hospital at 2006, by use of panorama, transcranial view and lateral cephalometric radiograph. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical assessment 1) Total number of patients were 59. Female was 47 and male was 12, Females were predominant and patient's age ranged from 12 to 19. 2) Most of the patients had Grade II condyle resorption. 3) The number of who had Class I occlusion was 27, which was the largest group. The number of patients with openbite was 20. Average overjet was 3.58mm and average overbite was 0.97mm. 4) Most of the patients had parafunctional habit. 5) The patients of showing the pain in condylar resortion was 41 and the case of not showing the pain was 18. 6) Treatment duration of 23 patients were less than 1 month, 28 patients were treated with supported therapy. 2. Cephalometric Characteristics 1) A 16-year-old female patients showed smaller SNA, SNB and larger articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 2) A 17-year-old female patients showed smaller SN, SAr, TPFH, ramus height and larger SN-GoMe, FMA, articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 3) Over 18 years old female patients showed smaller SN, SNB, TPFH, ramus height and larger ANB, FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 4) Over 18 years old male patients showed smaller SN, TPFH, ramus height and larger FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 5) There was no significant difference between 10s and normal group in mandibular body length.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.59 no.3
• /
• pp.298-305
• /
• 2005

Background : Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is believed to have multifactorial causes. The major risk factors for OSAS are obesity, narrowed upper airways, and abnormal cranial-facial structures. A genetic basis for OSAS has been also suggested by reports of families with many members affected. This study analyzed the HLA typing in patients with OSAS to determine the possible role of genetics in OSAS. Methods : Twenty-five Korean patients with OSAS (1 woman and 24 men; age range 30-66 years) were enrolled in this study. A diagnosis of OSAS was made using full-night polysomnography. The control group consisted of 200 healthy Korean people. Serologic typing of the HLA-A and B alleles was performed in all patients using a standard lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Analysis of the polymorphic second exons of the HLA-DRB1 gene was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe. Results : The allele frequency of HLA-A11 was significantly lower in patients with OSAS compared with the controls (p<0.05). The HLA-B allele frequencies in the patients and controls had a similar distribution. Analysis of the HLADRB1 gene polymorphisms showed an increased frequency of DRB1*09 in the OSA patients compared with the controls (p<0.05). When the analysis was performed after dividing the OSAS patients according to the severity of apnea, the allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*08 was significantly higher in the severe OSA patients (apnea index >45) than in the controls (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study revealed an association between OSAS and the HLA-A11 and DRB1*09 alleles as well as association between the disease severity and the HLA-DRB1*08 allele in Korean patients. These results suggest that genetics plays an important role in both the development and the disease severity of OSAS.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.26 no.5 s.58
• /
• pp.469-485
• /
• 1996

Orthodontic patients are individuals that grow and develop ; therefore selection of the proper time for orthodontic treatment is considered to be one of most difficult and yet difficult factor. Since the development of cephalometric X-ray, amount and Pattern of craniofacial growth change with aging could be predicted and be came useful in the process of orthodontic treatment. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements and body height and weight was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean children from the ages 6-years to 17-years. 409 boys and 437 girls with no abnormality in growth and development and no history of orthodontic treatment from the ages of 6 years to 17 years were chosen as subjects Cephaloment X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis based on Burstone's COGS, which was devided into measurements of 6 parts(Cranial base, Maxillar and Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship between craniofacial growth and height & weight was studied. The following conclusions were obtained : 1. The maximum growth in the measurements of cranial base, N-Ar(FH), N-Ba(FH) corresponded with the age with the maximum increase in body height & weight in both boys and girls. 2. Genial angle gradually decreased with aging in both boys and girls. 3. N-ANS(L) showed greater amount of growth than ANS-Ne(L), and this had greater influence on facial profile. 4. N-A-$Pog^{\circ}$ decreased with aging, and mandibular growth exceeded maxillary growth in amount and rate. 5. Length of Y-axis Increased, but Y-axis to FH plane remained constant. This show that mandible grows at a constant angulation to cranial base. 6. As permanent teeth erupt, interincisal angle deceased.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical features of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome(SSSS) isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus(MRSA) with those of SSSS isolated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcal aureus(MSSA) in children. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and microbiological results of 36 cases of SSSS who were admitted to the Pediatric Department of Ulsan Dong-Kang General Hospital from Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2003. Results : Among 36 cases, there were 7 generalized types, 1 abortive type in MRSA group and 5 generalized types, 6 abortive types in MSSA group. The peak incidence of age was between 2 and 5 years in both groups. SSSS were diagnosed with increasing frequency. Most of MRSA group were diagnosed in 2003(6/8). The peak seasonal incidence was fall and winter in both groups. Facial lesion was observed in all cases followed by flexural lesion in both groups. Staphylococci were isolated from the skin and throat most frequently in both groups. Upper respiratory illness and conjunctivitis were most common preceding infections in both groups. Among 8 cases of MRSA group, 4 cases were treated completely with ampicillin-sulbactam. There was no significant difference of mean duration of admission between MRSA group and MSSA group. Conclusion : There was no significant difference of clinical features between MRSA group and MSSA group although generalized types of SSSS were more common in MRSA group than in MSSA group.