• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2017

Growth related to morphological and proteome response under waterlogging stress in sorghum has not yet been elucidated. Understanding how plants respond to waterlogging, the present study was conducted in seedlings leaf of the Nam-pung chal cultivar. Regarding 3-leaf stage of sorghum, stem length and plant height were slightly decreased in the treatments during ten days of waterlogging, and chlorophyll contents were also significantly different from 7 days of waterlogging treatment. The results observed from the present study were considered to be influenced by the waterlogging stress more in the $5^{th}$ leaf stage of the growth period of the sorghum, and as the waterlogging treatment progressed, the waterlogging stress gradually influenced the growth difference between the control and the treatment respectively. Using 2-DE method, a total of 74 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Of these proteins, 45 proteins were up-regulated in the treatment group, and 32 proteins were down-regulated. Analysis of LTQ-FI-ICR MS showed that about 50% of the proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolic process, metabolic process, and cellular metabolic compound salvage were affected by stress. Malate dehydrogenase protein and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein related to carbohydrate metabolic process increased the level of protein expression in both 3 and 5-leaf stage under waterlogging stress. The increased abundance of these proteins may play an active role in response to waterlogging stress. These results provide new insights into the morphological alteration and modulation of differentially expressed proteins in sorghum cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 2014

Lysimachia foenum-graecum (LF) has been used for home remedy of common cold and headache in China. Foenumoside B from LF has been reported for anti-obesity effects. We used foenumoside B as a marker for content evaluation of different parts of LF. Ethanol extract of LF was used for isolation of foenumoside B and purified further by column chromatography. The structure was identified as foenumoside B by interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including $^1H$-, $^{13}C$-NMR and FT-ICR-MS. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to compare the quantitative level of foenumoside B in different parts of LF. Foenumoside B contents in the leaf, stem, and aerial part showed significant differences. Contents of foenumoside B was detected highly in the leaf extracts. The results would be useful for efficient extraction of foenumoside B in LF.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2008

Methylophaga aminisulfidivorans $MP^T$, a restricted facultative marine methylotrophic bacterium, was able to utilize methanol as a sole carbon and energy source, and possessed a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) that is a key enzyme in the process of methanol oxidation. During purification of MDH, three types of MDH (MDH I, II, and III) were obtained in the cell free extracts from $MP^T$ cells grown on methanol. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE and ESI-FT ICR MS, MDH I was confirmed to consist of two subunits and with molecular masses of ~66 and ~10 kDa, respectively, in a form of ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$. While MDH II and MDH III contained an additional ~30 kDa protein, designated ${\gamma}$, in a form of ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2{\gamma}$ and ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2{\gamma}_2$, respectively. MDH III showed 1.5.2.0 times higher activity than MDH II, while MDH I remained the lowest activity. Based on these observations and experimental data, it seems that the original MDH conformation is ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2{\gamma}2$ within $MP^T$ growing on methanol, and subunit ${\gamma}$ keeps MDH in an active form, and/or makes MDH easily bind to the substrate, methanol.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1401-1406
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• 2013

This study tested the feasibility of observing H/D exchange of intact protein by top-down electron capture dissociation (ECD) mass spectrometry for the investigation of protein structure. Ubiquitin is selected as a model system. Local structural information was obtained from the deuteration levels of c and $z^{\cdot}$ ions generated from ECD. Our results showed that ${\alpha}$-helix region has the lowest deuteration level and the C-terminal fraction containing a highly mobile tail has the highest deuteration level, which correlates well with previous X-Ray and HDX/NMR analyses. We studied site-specific H/D exchange kinetics by monitoring H/D exchange rate of several structural motives of ubiquitin. Two hydrogen bonded ${\beta}$-strands showed similar HDX rates. However, the outer ${\beta}$-strand always has higher deuteration level than the inner ${\beta}$-strand. The HDX rate of the turn structure (residues 8-11) is lower than that of ${\beta}$-strands (residues 1-7 and residues 12-17) it connects. Although isotopic distribution gets broader after H/D exchange which results in a limited number of backbone cleavage sites detected, our results demonstrate that this method can provide valuable detailed structural information of proteins. This approach should also be suitable for the structural investigation of other unknown proteins, protein conformational changes, as well as protein-protein interactions and dynamics.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.30-33
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• 2006

Several crucial issues are discussed in the design of cryogenic cooling system for high field magnets. This study is mainly motivated by our ongoing program to develop a 21 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR MS). The magnets of this system will be built horizontally to accomplish the requirement of user friendliness and reliability, and the replenishment of cryogen will not be necessary by a closed-loop cooling concept. The initial cool-down and safety are basically considered in this paper. The effects of the helium II volume and the gap distance of the weight load relief valve (or safety valve) on the cool-down time and temperature rising during an off-normal state are discussed. The total amount of cryogenic cooling loads and the required helium flow rate during cool-down are also estimated by a relevant heat transfer analysis. The temperatures of cryogen-free radiation shield are finally determined from the refrigeration power of a cryocooler and the total cryogenic loads.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2057-2064
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• 2014

Thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) was conducted in autoclave on the system of crude oil and $MgSO_4$ at different temperatures. Gas chromatography pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to detected the composition of organic sulfur compounds in oil phase products. The results of the analysis indicate that with increased temperature, the contents of organic sulfur compounds with high molecular weight and thermal stability, such as benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, gradually became dominated. In order to gain greater insight into the formation and distribution of organic sulphur compounds from TSR, positive ion electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used in detecting the detailed elemental composition and distribution of them. The mass spectra showed that the mass range of sulfur compounds was 200-550 Da. Four sulfur class species, $S_1$, $N_1S_1$, $O_1S_1$ and $O_2S_1$, were assigned in the positive-ion spectrum. Among the identified sulfur compounds, the $S_1$ class species was dominant. The most abundant $S_1$ class species increase associated with the DBE value and carbon number increasing which also indicates the evolution of organic sulfur compounds in TSR is from the labile series to the stable one. In pure blank pyrolysis experiments with crude oil cracking without TSR, different composition and distribution of organic sulfur compounds in oil phase products were seen from mass spectra in order to evaluate their pyrolysis behaviors without $MgSO_4$. FT-IR and XRD were used in analyzing the products of solid phases. Two distinct crystallographic phases MgO and $MgSO_4$ are found to coexist in the products which demonstrated the transformation of inorganic sulfur compounds into organosulfur compounds exist in TSR.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2017

The productivity of rice has been influenced by various abiotic factors including temperature which cause to limitations to rice yield and quality. Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperature globally. In the present study, four Korean four cultivars such as Dongan, Ilpum, Samkwang, Chucheong were investigated in order to explore molecular mechanisms of high temperature at seedling stage. Rice seedlings grown at $28/20^{\circ}C$ (day/night) were subjected to 7-day exposure to $38/28^{\circ}C$ for high-temperature stress, followed by 2-D based proteomic analysis on biological triplicates of each treatment. The growth characteristics demonstrated that Dongan is tolerant while Ilpum is sensitive to high-temperature stress. High temperature has an adverse effect in the seedling stage both in high temperature sensitive and tolerant cultivar. Two-dimensional gels stained with silver staining, a total of 722 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}1.5-fold$) were identified using Progenesis SameSpot software. However, a total of 38 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed by LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Of these, 9 proteins were significantly increased while 10 decreased under high-temperature treatment. Significant changes were associated with the proteins involved in the carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and stress responses. Proteome results revealed that high-temperature stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production, and photosynthetic machinery pathway. The expression level of mRNA is significantly correlated with the results obtained in the proteome investigation. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of the high-temperature resistance by proteomic approaches, providing valuable insight into improving the high-temperature stress tolerance in the global warming epoch.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.124-135
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• 2018

The study was performed to explore the molecular changes in the vegetative stage (3-and 5-leaf) of sorghum under waterlogging stress. A total of 74 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Among them, 12 proteins were up-regulated and 3 proteins were down-regulated. Mass spectrometry (MS) results showed that about 50% of the proteins involved in various metabolic processes. The level of protein expression of malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase related to carbohydrate metabolic process increased in both 3 and 5-leaf stage under waterlogging stress. These proteins are known to function as antistress agents against waterlogging stress. The expression of oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 protein related to photosynthesis was slightly increased in the treated group than in the control group, however the expression level was increased in the 5-leaf stage compared to the 3-leaf stage. Probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase protein and superoxide dismutase protein related to response to oxidative stress showed the highest expression level in 5-leaf stage treatment. This suggests that the production of reactive oxygen species by the waterlogging stress was the most abundant in the 5-leaf treatment group, and the expression of the antioxidant defense protein was increased.