• Membrane Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2013

Effect of water back-flushing period (FT) was investigated in hybrid water treatment process of carbon ultrafiltration and polypropylene (PP) beads coated with photocatalyst, and membrane effect was studied by comparing the previous studies with carbon microfiltration or alumina ultrafiltration, microfiltration membranes. FT 6 min was the most effective to control initial membrane fouling and optimal condition because the membrane fouling resistance was low until initial 60 min and the maximum total permeate volume was acquired at this FT. The turbidity treatment efficiency was high beyond 98.6%, and did not depend on FT, which was same with the previous result of carbon or alumina microfiltration. The organic matters treatment efficiency was the highest value of 98.2% at FT 6 min, which was almost same trend with the previous result of alumina microfiltration. Then the organic matters treatment efficiency of carbon microfiltration was the minimum at no back-flushing (NBF) and increased as decreasing FT, but that of alumina ultrafiltration was the maximum at NBF and also increased as decreasing FT. Therefore it means that water back-flushing effect on the organic matters treatment efficiency had a different mechanism depending on pore size in spite of the same material membranes.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2008

In this study, periodic water-back-flushing using permeate water was performed to minimize membrane fouling and to enhance permeate flux in advanced water treatment system by ceramic microfiltration. We investigated effect of water-back-flushing period (FT) and time (BT), and tried to find the optimal operating conditions. BT was fixed at 3 sec and FT was changed in $30{\sim}120$ sec to inspect effect of FT. Also, FT was fixed at 120 sec and BT was changed as $3{\sim}12$ sec at experiment of BT effect. At both two experiments, TMP was fixed at 1.52 bar, water-back-flushing pressure at 0.98 bar, feed flow rate at 0.5 L/min, and feed water temperature at $20^{\circ}C$. As the result, optimal FT was 30 sec at fixed BT 3 sec in our experimental range. It means that the more frequent back-flushing was the more effective to reduce membrane fouling. However, there were not large effects of FT due to a short BT. Then, increasing BT at fixed FT 120 sec could decrease resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$) and increase permeate flux (J) and dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_o$), and the most total permeate volume ($V_T$) could be produced at the maximum BT 12 sec.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2006

Stress responses, osmoregulation and growth of black porgy reared in freshwater or seawater were investigated by supplying the feed (10 mg/kg feed) treated with the $T_3$ (3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine) for 90 days. Plasma $T_3$ in black porgy reared for 60 days in freshwater with (FT) or without (FN) $T_3$, treatment was lower than that in black porgy reared in seawater with (ST) or without (SN) $T_3$ treatment. The concentration of $T_3$ in FT was significantly more than that in FN. Plasma cortisol in FT, at the same day, was 4 times higher than that in FN, whereas the differences of the hormone between ST and SN was not significant. Although the levels of plasma glucose in FN and FT tended to be lower than that in ST and SN, no differences were found between fish reared in freshwater and seawater after $T_3$ treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of black porgy reared in seawater showed no difference throughout the experimental period. However, at the beginning stages of the experiment, the plasma levels of these enzymes in FN and FT were higher than in SN and ST. Recovering of AST level to the level of SN or FT was laster in FT than in FN. However, no effects of the exogenous $T_3$ treatment on osmoregulatory capacity and growth of black porgy reared in freshwater or seawater were observed in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2006

In the field of agriculture, FT-NIR mainly has been used in qualitative management of produces without sample preparation with a data set built from a quantitative value of sample components confirmed by another analytical instrument. On the other hand, inert materials of crop protection products nearly haven't examined instrumental analysis because of analytical problems of high-molecular inert materials and a variety of formulation type. This study, results make it possible to solve an analytical problems of crop protection products using FT-NIR chemometrics technique from spectrum calculator module.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2021

Saccharomyces lysate has the well-known function of soothing the skin in various ways: it is an anti-irritant and can treat skin care conditions, such as skin whitening and antioxidative activity. However, data on the safety for use of Saccharomyces lysate in cosmetics and skin care products are still limited. To design a new cosmetic material with antioxidant and skin-whitening effects, 80 yeast strains were isolated from berries grown in Sunchang. Among the isolates, the FT4-4 strain, which exhibited superior biological activities, was selected for further experiments. The FT4-4 strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 18S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. S. cerevisiae FT4-4 showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging (51.41%), superoxide dismutase (62.23%), and tyrosinase inhibition (64.75%) activities. The highest yield of biomass (3.16 g/l) and maximum growth rate of S. cerevisiae FT4-4 were observed within 16 h. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity potential of S. cerevisiae FT4-4 on B16F10 melanoma cells was measured by an MTT assay, and the results indicated that S. cerevisiae FT4-4 had a capacity to inhibit melanin up to 72.02% at an initial 10 mg/ml concentration. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae FT4-4 could be a promising candidate as a multi-functional material for application in the cosmetic industry, especially because of its antioxidant and skin-whitening effects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.594-599
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• 1998

출력 운전중 원자로 건물내의 중성자 에너지 스펙트럼의 분포를 살펴보기 위해 중성자 스펙트럼 측정을 수행하였다. 영광4흐기 원자로 건물내 100ft 상에서 4곳, 122ft 상에서 4곳, 144 ft 상에서 8곳을 Bonner Multisphere Spectrometer(BMS) 시스템을 이용하여 중성자 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. BMS는 Cf-252 선원으로 교정하였으며 측정된 데이터는 BUNKI 코드를 이용하여 unfolding 하여 에너지 스펙트럼을 얻었다 분석 결과 100 ft의 경우 평균 중성자 에너지는 0.100 ~ 1.954 MeV, Fluence는 4.913$\times$$10^2$ ~ 1.478$\times$$10^4$ n/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 선량율은 0.56 ~ 289.37 mrem/hr의 분포를, 122 ft의 경우 평균 중성자 에너지는 0.122 ～ 0.320 MeV, Fluence는 4.586$\times$$10^{0}$ ~ 7.743$\times$$10^3$ n$\textrm{cm}^2$, 선량율은 0.05 ~ 201.46 mrem/hr의 분포를, 144 ft의 경우 평균 중성자 에너지는 0.062 ~ 0.578 MeV, Fluence는 7.922$\times$$10^{0}$ ~ 1.703$\times$$10^2$ n/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 선량율은 0.10 ~ 45.58 mrem/hr의 분포를 보였다.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 2003

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) was used to characterize the intermolecular ester crosslinkages in cotton cellulose. The FT-IR data show that the band of the ester carbonyl group can be separated from overlapping carboxyl/carbonyl band by converting carboxyl group to carboxylate. When esterification occurs between a polycarboxylic acid and cotton cellulose, the carbonyl groups retained in the cotton exist in three forms; ester, carboxyl, and carboxylate anion. The FT-IR data were also correlated to the durable press rating result obtained. The appearance of BTCA-finished durable press silk/cotton fabrics were improved.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.363-371
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients showing fissured tongue (FT) with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of 16 FT patients with BMS who visited the Oral Diseases Clinic of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from March 1, 2017 to February 28, 2018. The subjects were graded by FT classification and compared with each group on a numeral rating scale (NRS) of tongue pain, proportion of coated tongue, unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR), Ryodoraku, and heart rate variability (HRV) results. Results: FT grade had no significant correlation with NRS of tongue pain and USFR. FT grade had a substantially significant positive correlation with BMI and LF/HF ratio in HRV. FT grade had a substantially significant negative correlation with proportion of coated tongue. The most frequent accompanying symptoms were xerostomia and insomnia. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that FT has no correlation with tongue pain in BMS. Rather, FT seems to correlate with sympathetic function acceleration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 2020

Influenza viruses cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals with high morbidity and mortality rates. Conventional anti-influenza drugs are reported to exert side effects and newly emerging viral strains tend to develop resistance to these commonly used agents. Fritillaria thunbergii (FT) is traditionally used as an expectorant for controlling airway inflammatory disorders. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of FT extracts against influenza virus type A (H1N1) infection in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. In the post-treatment assay, FT extracts showed high CC50 (7,500 ㎍/ml), indicating low toxicity, and exerted moderate antiviral effects compared to oseltamivir (SI 50.6 vs. 222) in vitro. Antiviral activity tests in ovo revealed strong inhibitory effects of both FT extract and oseltamivir against H1N1 replication in embryonated eggs. Notably, at a treatment concentration of 150 mg/kg, only half the group administered oseltamivir survived whereas the FT group showed 100% survival, clearly demonstrating the low toxicity of FT extracts. Consistent with these findings, FT-administered mice showed a higher survival rate with lower body weight reduction relative to the oseltamivir group upon treatment 24 h after viral infection. Our collective results suggest that FT extracts exert antiviral effects against influenza H1N1 virus without inducing toxicity in vitro, in ovo or in vivo, thereby supporting the potential utility of FT extract as a novel candidate therapeutic drug or supplement against influenza.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

The international standard for FT-IR gas analysis of fire effluents in ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter has been being developed in ISO TC 92. A comparison of the round-robin test of WD 21397 was conducted with six participating laboratories in 2018. The test specimens were PMMA, rigid PU foam board, and PVC flooring. The measurement quantities were the time-to-ignition, peak heat release rate, total heat release, and effective heat of combustion for a cone calorimeter test and peak gas concentration, gas generation, and gas yield for FT-IR gas analysis. No outliers were identified. For the cone calorimeter quantities, the repeatability and reproducibility were 1.5% and 9.8%, respectively. For FT-IR gas analysis, the repeatability and reproducibility was 12.9% and 27.9%, respectively.