• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 1996

The friction is one of the nonlinearities to be considered in the precise position control of a system which has electromechanical components. The friction has complicated nonlinear characteristics and depends on the velocity, the position and the time. The conventional fixed friction compensator and the controller based on linear control theory may cause the steady state position error or oscillation. The plant to be controlled in this study is a positioning system with a linear brushless DC motor(LBLDCM). The system behaves like a 4th-order model including the compliance and the friction. In this study, the plant model is simplified to a 2nd-order model to reduce the computation in on- line estimation. Also, to reduce the computation time, only the friction is estimated on-line while the mass and the viscous damping coefficient are fixed to the values obtained from off-line estimation. The validity of the proposed scheme is illustrated with the computer simulation and the experiment where the friction is compensated by using the estimation.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

Friction welding is a very useful joining process to weld metals which have axially symmetric cross section. In this paper, for the friction welding with tube-to-tube shape, the feasibility of industry application was determined using analyzing mechanical properties of weld and optimized welding variables was suggested. In order to accomplish this object, rotating speed, friction heating pressure, and friction heating time were selected as the major process variables and the experiment was performed in three levels of each parameter. Weld characteristic was investigated in terms of weld shape and metal loss, and 7mm of metal loss was regarded as the optimal metal loss. By tensile test, tensile strength and yielding strength was measured and fracture was occurred at base metal. In order to optimize the welding condition, fitness function was defined with respect to metal loss and yielding strength and the fitness values for each welding condition could be calculated in experimental range. Consequently, we set the optimal welding condition as the point which had maximum value of fitness function. As the result of this paper the optimal welding variables could be suggested as rotating speed was 1300 rpm, friction heating pressure was 15 MPa, and friction heating time was 10 sec.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

The present study examined mechanical properties according to the change of outer circumference in the friction welding of A2024-T4 stock, which is used much as aircraft structure, truck wheel, stainless materials and A2024-T4 stock with 10 hollow at the center. Welding conditions were fixed at RPM 2,000rpm, friction pressure of 50MPa, friction time of 1.5sec, upset pressure of 120MPa and upset time of 2.0 seconds. From the result of this study were drawn conclusions as follows : According to the result of a tensile strength test, the solid shaft showed linear increase of tensile strength with the change of outer circumference, the hollow shaft showed maximum tensile stength when the length (L) was 2mm and decrease of tensile strength with the change of outer circumference, hardness appeared to increase and then decrease for welding interface, and it showed maximum hardness 155Hv at L=5mm of the solid shaft. Bending strength increased linearly far change of the distance (L) of outer circumference in the solid shaft and then decreased linearly in the hollow shaft. the result of examining tissue, the tissue grew finer around the welding interface and divided the basic material and the welding surface.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

Various researches to reduce weight of a vehicle are achieving. One of these researches is tendencious to manufacture the hollow piston rod using friction welding instead of solid one of the vehicle shock absorber. This study deals with the friction welding of SM45C to SM20C-pipe that is used normally in the vehicle shock absorber. The friction time was variable conditions under the conditions of spindle revolution of 2,000rpm, friction pressure of 55MPa, upset pressure of 75MPa, and upset time of 2.0seconds. Under these conditions, the microstructure of weld interface, tensile fracture surface and mechanical tests of friction weld were studied and so the results were as follows. When the friction time was l.5seconds under the conditions, the maximum tensile strength of the friction weld happened to be 837MPa, which is 113% of SM20C's tensile strength and 97% of SM45C's. The optimal welding conditions were n=2,000rpm, $P_1=55MPa$, $P_2=75MPa$, $t_1=1.5sec$, $t_2=2.0sec$ when the total upset length is 1.7mm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.255-264
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• 1999

Friction characteristics of automotive friction materials containing different metallic fibers rubbing against Al-MMC and cast iron disk specimens have been studied. Friction materials containing aluminum, copper or low steel carbon fiber were tested. Friction tests were composed of three different phases to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, speed, and drag time. The results showed that the friction material containing Al fibers has lower friction force and wear amount than the others with Cu or Steel fiber. On the other hand, the wear of friction material was severe in the case of using Al-MMC rotors. These results showed that the thermal decomposition of solid lubricants (and organic components), formation of transfer layer, and SiC particles in the AI-MMC rotor play crucial roles in determining the friction characteristics.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2007

This paper deals with the method to estimate the friction in a system. We study a nonlinear friction model to estimate the friction in an inverted pendulum and approximate the friction model using fuzzy basis functions expansion. To demonstrate the friction observer using FBFs, we derive a update rule based on the error term that is formed by the output from a real system and observer output with a friction estimate. And two compensation algorithms to improve the response of an inverted pendulum are proposed. The first method that a observer parameter is updated in on-line and the friction is compensated at the same time. The second method is to compensate the friction with observer parameter estimated priori. The two methods is compared through the experimental results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.830-832
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• 2014

In this study, friction stick-slip vibration're interpretation of the phenomenon, we used a statistical model of friction. In a previous study using a definite friction factor, but to a dynamic simulation using a constantly changing during the integration time by a Monte Carlo simulation method, not the average coefficient of friction and the dynamic friction coefficient and a constant value in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.436-442
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• 2013

Friction welding is a very useful joining process to weld metals which have axially symmetric cross section. In this paper, the feasibility of industry application was determined by analyzing the mechanical properties of weld region for a specimen of tube-to-tube shape for excavator hose nipple with friction welding, and optimized welding variables were suggested. In order to accomplish this object, friction heating pressure and friction heating time were selected as the major process variables and the experiment was performed in three levels of each parameter. An acoustic emission(AE) technique was applied to evaluate the optimal friction welding conditions nondestructively. AE parameters of accumulative count and event were analyzed in terms of generating trend of AE signals across the full range of friction weld. The typical waveform and frequency spectrum of AE signals which is generated by friction weld were discussed. From this study the optimal welding variables could be suggested as rotating speed of 1300 rpm, friction heating pressure of 15 MPa, and friction heating time of 10 sec. AE event was a useful parameter to estimate the tensile strength of tube-to tube specimen with friction weld.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1993

A study off riction welding of high speed steel(SKH 51) bar for blade side to carbon steel(STC 3)bar for shank side was carried out experimentally through tensile test, hardness test, microstructure, and acoustic emission (AE) test. So, this paper deals with optimizing the welding conditions and the real-time quality (strength) evaluation of friction weleded joints by acoustic emission technique. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) For friction welded joints of SKH 51to STC 3 steel bars, the total upset (U) increases linearly with an increase of heating time (t sub(1)). (2) The determined optimum welding conditions are heating time (t sub(1)) 7-9 sec, upsetting time (t sub(2)) 5 sec, heating pressure(P sub(1)) 12 kg sub(f)mm supper(2), upsetting pressure (P sub(2)) 15 kg sub(f) mm supper(2) and rotating speed (n) 2, 000 rpm, resulting in a computed relationship between the tensile strength of the joint .sigma. (kg sub(f) mm supper(2)) and the heating time t sub(1) (sec) as the following. sigma.=2.39t sub(1)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2005

Stick-slip friction is one of the material removal mechanisms in tribology. It occurs when the static friction force is larger than the dynamic friction force, and make the friction curve fluctuated. In the friction monitoring of chemical mechanical polishing(CMP), the friction force also vibrates just as stick-slip friction. In this paper, an attempt to show the similarity between stick-slip friction and the friction of CMP was conducted. The prepared hard pa(IC1000/Suba400 stacked/sup TM/) and soft pad(Suba400/sup TM/) were tested with SiO₂ slurry. The friction force was measured by piezoelectric sensor. According to this experiment, it was shown that as the head and table velocity became faster, the stick-slip time shortened because of the change of real contact area. And, the gradient of stick-slip period as a function of head and table speed in soft pad was more precipitous than that of hard one. From these results, it seems that the fluctuating friction force in CMP is stick-slip friction caused by viscoelastic behavior of the pad and the change of real contact area.