• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.465-485
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• 2013

Mit dem Patientenrechtegesetz, das im $Fr{\ddot{u}}jahr$ 2013 in Kraft treten soll, $f{\ddot{u}}rt$ der Gesetzgeber eine jahrzehntelange Diskussion um die Rechte von Patientinnen und Patienten zu einem guten Ende. Demnach geht es darum, Transparenz ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die bereits heute bestehenden, umfangreichen Rechte der Patientinnen und Patienten herzustellen, die $tats{\ddot{a}}chliche$ Durchsetzung dieser Rechte zu verbessern, zugleich Patientinnen und Patienten im Sinne einer verbesserten Gesundheitsversorgung zu $sch{\ddot{u}}tzen$ und insbesondere im Fall eines Behandlungsfehlers $st{\ddot{a}}rker$ zu $unterst{\ddot{u}}tzen$. In Verfolgung dieser Zwecke $schl{\ddot{a}}gt$ die Bundesregierung ein Artikelgesetz vor, dessen wesentliche Teile das BGB und das Recht der sozialen Krankenversicherung betreffen. In das BGB soll ein neuer Abschnitt ${\ddot{u}}ber$ den "Behandlungsvertrag" $eingef{\ddot{u}}gt$ werden. Als Standort ist der ${\ddot{U}}bergang$ vom Dienstin das Werkvertragsrecht vorgesehen, der um die neu zu schaffenden Vorschriften der ${\S}{\S}$ 630 a bis 630 h BGB erweitert wird. Die acht Paragrafen enthalten im Kern eine Kodifikation der von der Rechtsprechung entwickelten $Grunds{\ddot{a}}tze$ zur Arzthaftung. Der Beitrag stellt die bisherige politische Diskussion des Patientenrechtegesetzes vor (II). Im Anschluss daran wird die einzige wesentliche Neuerung des Gesetzes $n{\ddot{a}}her$ untersucht und werden Regelungsziel und Grundkonzept der Kodifikation einer $Pr{\ddot{u}}fung$ unterzogen (III). $Schlie{\ss}lich$ werden einen politischen Ausblick auf die neuen Herausforderungen und die Bewertung der $gegenw{\ddot{a}}rtigen$ Lage und der erwarteten Entwicklung gezogen (IV).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.949-954
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• 2019

Membrane topology is a key characteristic of membrane proteins. We previously reported the cloning of the chromosome 4 open-reading frame 32 (C4orf32) gene as a potential membrane protein; however, the cellular localization and membrane topology of C4orf32 was as yet unknown. In this study, we found that green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the C-terminus of C4orf32 (C4orf32-GFP) was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We applied three tools to identify determinants of C4orf32 topology: protease protection, fluorescence protease protection (FPP), and an inducible system using the ternary complex between FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP), rapamycin, and the rapamycin-binding domain of mTOR (FRB) (the FRB-rapamycin-FKBP system). Using protease protection and FPP assays, we found that the GFP tag in C4orf32-GFP was localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the ER membrane of HeLa cells. Protease protection and FPP assays are useful and complimentary tools for identifying the topology of GFP fusion membrane proteins. The FRB-rapamycin-FKBP system was also used to study the topology of C4orf32. In the absence of rapamycin, a monomeric red fluorescent protein-FKBP fusion (mRFP-FKBP) and C4orf32-GFP-FRB were localized to the cytoplasm and the ER membrane, respectively. However, in the presence of rapamycin, the mRFP-FKBP was shifted from the cytoplasm to the ER and colocalized with the C4orf32-GFP-FRB. These results indicate that the FRB moiety is facing the cytoplasmic surface of ER membrane. Overall, our results clearly suggest that C4orf32 belongs to the family of type I ER resident membrane proteins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.329-340
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• 2019

Water pollution in erosion control dams is a major issue for forest watershed management, but the effects of erosion control dams on water quality remain poorly understood. In this study, water quality data from streams and dam reservoirs were collected over the Nakdong river basin. Monitored data were further analyzed to examine the relationship between watershed characteristics and water quality. Of the total 43 erosion control dams, less than 10% had lower water quality that was not suitable for agricultural use. TOC and oxygen demand, SS and turbidity, SS and Chl-a, and Chl-a and turbidity showed high correlations (p < 0.01) both in stream water and in detained water. BOD and SS, BOD and Chl-a, BOD and turbidity, and TOC and Chl-a showed high correlations only in stream water. Overall, the results demonstrated that for most erosion control dams the water quality was relatively good. In addition, the quality of downstream water is somewhat affected by the water detained by erosion control dams, in limited ways.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.720-726
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the comparative analysis of body muscle EMGs according to the prop and different foot stability during Pilates bridge motion. Eighteen adult males(age, 22.3±2.1 years; height, 173.89±4.51 cm; body mass, 72.61±4.13 kg; and BMI, 24.03±1.31 kg/m²) participated in this study as subjects. The Pilates bridge was composed of a total of 9 motions, according to the props (NP, no prop; RG, ring; GB, gym ball) and different foot stability (BS, basic surface; FR, form roller; BOSU, both sides up). We measured the right's muscle activities of the upper rectus abdominis, lower abdominal stabilizers, external oblique, adductor longus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris. The research findings were as follows. During Pilates bridge motion, the use of GB was found to be more effective in activating the body muscle. And during Pilates bridge motion, the use of BOSU was found to be most high in activating the body muscle as well. To summarize the research findings, the use of GB and BOSU during Pilates bridge motion were discovered to enormous affect muscle activities. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be able to present efficient Pilates bridge exercises for strengthening physical strength.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

Objective : Chronic acid reflux esophagitis (CARE), one of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing worldwide. Coptidis rhizoma extract (CRE) is a traditional herb that cures a variety of diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of CR on rats with chronic acid reflux esophagitis. Methods : The antioxidant activities were evaluated through radical scavenging assays using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. CARE was surgically induced in 5-week-old male SD rats by ligating the border between forestomach and glandular portion with a 2-0 silk tie and covering the duodenum using 18-Fr $N{\acute{e}}laton$ catheter. To evaluate the esophageal protective effect of CRE, rats were divided into 3 groups: Nor (normal rats), Veh (chronic acid reflux esophagitis induced rats), CR (chronic acid reflux esophagitis induced rats treated with CRE 200 mg/kg body weight). Results : The administration of CRE significantly prevented the mucosal injury of the esophagus tissue and histological findings improved the esophageal lesion. It has been shown that inflammation is prevented by the increase of antioxidant-related factors (Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, and GPx-1/2) through the antioxidant pathway of esophageal tissue. The administration of CRE reduced the increase of serum peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) and markedly reduced the protein expression of inflammatory mediator such as $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS, and IL-6. Conclusions : Overall, these results suggest that CRE administration confirmed the protective effect of esophageal mucosa, suggesting that it is a potential treatment for chronic acid reflux esophagitis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2020

Objective : The aim of present study was to clarify the effect of Areca Semen and Toosendan Fructus Mixture (AT-mix) on chronic reflux esophagitis (CRE) in rats. Methods : The antioxidant activity of AT-mix was measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in vitro. CRE was induced in SD rats (5 weeks, male) by ligating the border forestomach and granular portion with 2-0 silk and the duodenum near the pyloric portion was covered with 2-mm wide piece of 18-Fr Nélaton catheter. And then rats were treated AT-mix 200 mg/kg one daily for 14 days. The anti-oxidant and inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Results : Gross lesion of esophageal mucosa after AT-mix treatment showed a superior enhancement compared with that of CRE control rats. AT-mix treatment strongly reduced both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (DPPH, IC₅₀ 8.15±0.14 ㎍/mL; ABTS, IC₅₀ 24.69±0.03 ㎍/mL, repspectively). Levels of the NADPH oxidase subunit including NOX4 and p22^phox increased in CRE control rats. Otherwise, AT-mix treatment significantly reduced. The activation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) led to significantly the up-regulation of HO-1. The inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation led to NF-κB inactivation. Subsequently, NF-κB inactivation significantly induced the decrease of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 protein expressions. Conclusion : Taken together, these results suggest that AT-mix treatment can attenuate the esophageal mucosal ulcer though inhibiting NF-κB pathway and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, the additional mechanism study about AT-mix would need for the development as a safe herbal therapy for CRE.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

Recently, satellites equipped with high-performance electronics have required higher power consumption because of the advancement of satellite missions. For this reason, the size of the solar panel is gradually increasing to meet the required power budget. Increasing the size and weight of the solar panel is one of the factors that induce the elastic vibration of the flexible solar panel during the highly agile maneuvering of the satellite or the mode of vibration coupling to the satellite or the mode of vibration coupling to the micro-jitter from the on-board appendages. Previously, an additional damper system was applied to reduce the elastic vibration of the solar panel, but the increase in size and mass of system was inevitable. In this study, to overcome the abovementioned limitations, we proposed a high -damping yoke structure consisting of a superplastic SMA(Shape Memory Alloy) laminating a thin FR4 layer with viscoelastic tape on both sides. Therefore, this advantage contributes to system simplicity by reducing vibrations with small volume and mass without additional system. The effectiveness of the proposed superelastic SMA multilayer solar panel yoke was validated through free vibration testing and temperature testing using a solar panel dummy.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.258-267
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• 2023

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is a serious disease in watermelon cultivation. Most of commercialized watermelon cultivars to Fusarium wilt are susceptible in Korea. Fon isolates were divided into four races (races 0, 1, 2, and 3), based on pathogenicity in four watermelon differentials including 'Sugar baby', 'Charleston gray', 'Calhoun gray' and 'PI-296341-FR'. We obtained 7 isolates of Fon and tested to determine race of the fungal strains. Fon KACC 40902 and Fon HA were race 0 and Fon NW1, Fon NW2, Fon CW and Fon KACC 40901 were race 1. And Fon KACC 40905 was race 2, but race 3 isolate of Fon was not founded. We also tested virulence of seven Fon isolates on three-susceptible cultivars of watermelon. The isolates showed different virulence on the cultivars. In addition, to study the resistance characteristics of watermelon to Fon, we selected three moderately or highly resistant cultivars of watermelon and occurrence of Fusarium wilt in seedlings of the cultivars by seven Fon isolates was investigated. Among them, 'Calhoun gray' is highly resistant to six Fon isolates except Fon KACC 40905. On the other two cultivars, disease severity of Fusarium wilt caused by each isolate was positively correlated with the virulence of the Fon isolates. The results suggest that resistance of the watermelon cultivars to Fon isolates is likely affected by the virulence of the pathogen.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

In a previous study, a structure of a superplastic yoke consisting of a thin FR4 layer laminated with viscoelastic tape on both sides of a shape memory alloy (SMA) was proposed to reduce residual vibration generated by a deployable solar panel during high motion of a satellite. Damping properties of viscoelastic tapes will change with temperature, which can directly affect vibration reduction performance of the yoke. To check damping performance of the yoke at different temperatures, free damping tests were performed under various temperature conditions to identify the temperature range where the damping performance was maximized. Based on above temperature test results, this paper predicts temperature of the yoke through orbital thermal analysis so that the yoke can have effective damping performance even if it is exposed to an orbital thermal environment. In addition, the thermal design method was described so that the yoke could have optimal vibration reduction performance.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.877-885
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• 2013

Wine extracts of four different berry fruits, such as mulberry, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry, were investigated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities by using in vitro assays. Additionally, quantitative changes of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor in mulberry wine were determined by HPLC according to mulberry cultivars and fermentation process. Among four berry wines examined, mulberry wine showed the most potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with 69.37% at 0.23 mg/mL, while blueberry and strawberry wines exhibited the strongest inhibition against DPPH radical and tyrosinase activity, respectively. Four compounds were isolated and purified from mulberry wine by a series of isolation procedures, such as solvent fractionation, and Diaion HP-20, ODS-A, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Among them, Comp. 4 exerted the strongest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity ($I_C_{50}=31.57{\mu}M$), and its chemical structure was identified as quercetin by UV and NMR spectral analysis. Finally, the "Daeseongppong" (16.83 ppm) muberry wine had larger amount of quercetin than the "Iksuppong" (14.85 ppm) and "Cheongilppong" (8.92 ppm) mulberry wines, but their contents of three mulberry wines decreased considerably with aging process. These results suggest that mulberry wine containing quercetin acted as ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor may be useful as a potential functional wine for improving diabetic disorder.