• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2018

In Ethiopia, climate change and deforestation are major issues hindering sustainable development. Local Ethiopian communities commonly perceive an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Meteorological data shows that rainfall has declined in southern Ethiopia, and spring droughts have occurred more frequently during the last 10-15 years. The frequently occurring droughts have seriously affected the agriculture-dominated Ethiopian economy. Forests can play an important role in coping with climate change. However, deforestation is alarmingly high in Ethiopia, and this is attributed mainly to agricultural expansion and fuel wood extraction. Deforestation has led to a decrease in various benefits from forest ecosystem services, and increased ecological and environmental problems including loss of biodiversity. To resolve the issues effectively, it is crucial to enhance climate change resilience through reforestation and various international collaborations are urgently needed. To continue collaboration activities for resolving these issues, it is first necessary to address fundamental questions on the nature of collaboration: does collaboration aim for a support-benefit or a mutual benefit situation; dividing the workload or sharing the workload; an advanced technology or an appropriate technology; and short-term and intensive or long-term and extensive?. Potential collaboration activities were identified by sectors: in the governmental sector, advancing governmental structure and policy, enhancing international collaborations and negotiations, and capacity building for forest restoration and management; in the research and education sector, identifying and filling gaps in forestry and climate change education, capacity building for reforestation and climate change resilience research, and developing bioenergy and feed stocks; and in the business and industry sector, supporting conservation based forestry businesses and industries, while promoting collaboration with the research and education sectors. It is envisaged that international collaboration for enhancing climate change resilience through reforestation will provide a strong platform for resolving climate change and deforestation issues, and achieving sustainable development in Ethiopia.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.521-547
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• 2018

To provide fundamental information to areas that lack data on the plant resources and the ecosystem, this study conducted a survey on the vascular plants in Mt. Jigisan in Hongseonggun. The vascular plants identified during the six-round field surveys were a total of 443 taxa: 96 families, 286 genera, 391 species, 7 subspecies, 40 varieties, 3 forms, and 2 hybrids. On floristic regional of Korea, Mt. Jigisan is deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forest which is south province of Korean peninsula. 4 taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa, Forsytsythia koreana, Forsytsythia ovate, and Iris rossii var. latifolia were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be 6 taxa: Vulnerable (VU) species of Forsytsythia ovata, Least Conern (LC) species of Chionanthus retusus, Pseudoraphis ukishiba, and Cymbidium goeringii, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Panax ginseng, and Fimbristylis verrucifera. The floristic regional indicator plants were found 27 taxa: 2 taxa of grade V, 3 taxa of grade IV, 6 taxa of grade III, 4 taxa of grade II, and 12 taxa of grade I. The specific distribution plants were found 27 taxa: 4 taxa of northern part of plants, 12 taxa of southern part of plants, 10 taxa of isolation distribution of plants, and 1 taxon of recently reported Viola betonicifolia var. albescens. The invasive alien plants were identified as 67 taxa. The naturalized index (NI) was 15.12%, and urbanization index (UI) was 20.9%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.427-452
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• 2020

This study of vascular plants was conducted over a period of 33 days from March to October of 2018 in Byeonsanbando National Park, South Korea. Based on voucher specimens and photographs, 829 taxa in total were recorded, including 141 families, 458 genera, 748 species, 16 subspecies, 59 varieties, and 6 forma. Two endangered taxa were identified, Iris koreana Nakai and Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. Five rare taxa were found, including Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai and Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa) Ohwi. A total of 17 Korean endemic plants were investigated. Examples include Elsholtzia byeonsanensis M. Kim, Eranthis byunsanensis B. Y. Sun, and Lycoris flavescens M. Kim & S. T. Lee. Of floristic regional indicators (third to fifth degree), 52 taxa were identified. Naturalized plants were identified, which included 79 taxa, and 7 species of ecosystem disturbance plants, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Lactuca serriola L., and Solidago altissima L. were found. We recorded 39 taxa of the plants vulnerable to climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.538-547
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• 2022

In this study, the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands located at Mt. Naeyon (Gyeongbuk, Korea) were quantified, and multivariate analysis was done to determine the correlations between vegetation group types and environmental factors and to have reference data for the conservation and restoration of this species. In total, there were 164 B. berchemiaefolia trees in Mt. Naeyon. The average DBH of the trees was 24.5 cm, forming a normal distribution. It rarely appeared in an understory vegetation height of 3 m. About37.1% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into two groups: B. berchemiaefolia-Quercus serrata community and B. berchemiaefolia-Carpinus laxiflora community. Canopy gap, organic matter, exchangeable Ca, and cation exchange capacity were the major site characteristics affecting the distribution pattern of the stands. Currently, B. berchemiaefolia trees dominate in Mt. Naeyon, but depending on different habitat positions, the species was in a natural successional stage to C. laxiflora or C. cordata, which is a shade-tolerant species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.3
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• pp.374-384
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• 2022

There is an increasing demand for Tetradium daniellii seedlings due to their uses as alternative energy, for ecological restoration, and as a honey plant. This study was conducted to determine the optimum container for superior seedling production of T. daniellii. Experiments were performed using five plastic container types (500, 350, 320, 300, and 250 ml) for forestry facility cultivation. The height and root collar diameter growth of T. daniellii seedlings were significantly high in the 350-ml container. High growth appeared primarily in the container with a larger cavity volume and lower growing density. Root development was most active in full sunlight. The maximum dry matter production was observed in the 350-ml container, which was similar to the results of height and root collar diameter growth. QI, an index showing the quality of a seedling, was maximum at 0.97 in the 350-ml container. In conclusion, the 350-ml container is optimum for superior seedling production of T. daniellii.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2023

The germination characteristics of Pseudolysimachion kiusianum var. diamantiacum (Nakai) T.Yamaz., a rare and endemic plant designated by the Korea Forest Service, were investigated according to light conditions, temperature, and pretreatment. As a result of the germination experiment according to light conditions, it was determined that P. kiusianum is a photoblastic seed that does not germinate at all in dark conditions. The optimum germination temperature of the seeds was found to be 20-25℃, considering the final germination rate and germination time. Three growth regulators (IAA, GA₃, kinetin) and two inorganic salts (KNO₃, KCl) were pretreated to improve the germination rate of P. kiusianum seeds. The growth regulators IAA and kinetin had no significant effect on improving the germination rate of P. kiusianum seeds. On the other hand, GA₃ significantly increased the final germination percentage and germination rate regardless of the concentration, especially the treatment of more than 500 mg·L^-1 at 20℃ was more than 4 times more effective than the untreated. The inorganic salts KNO₃ and KCl had no significant effect on the seeds of P. kiusianum at low concentrations, but at higher concentrations (40 mM and 300 mM, respectively), they improved the germination rate and germination age by 2 times compared to the untreated. The results of this study will be useful for the mass propagation of P. kiusianum, which has the potential to be utilized as a native plant for restoration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-212
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• 2021

In wetland protection areas, a phytosociological research was conducted on willow forests, which plays an important ecological and environmental role and is the main material for ecological restoration. A total of 61 relevés were collected according to the Z-M(Zürich-Montpellier) school's method and the characteristics of plant communities and the composition of the species were identified. A total of 9 plant communities including 237 taxa were differentiated. Willow species showing the high r-NCD(relative net contribution degree) value in study areas were Salix koriyanagi, Salix chaenomeloides, Salix triandra subsp. nipponica, Salix gracilistyla and Salix pierotii. Poaceae was the most diverse in species, followed by Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Polygonaceae and Fabaceae. Life form type of willow forests in wetland protection areas was determined to be Th(therophytes)-R₅(non-clonal form)-D₄(clitochores)-e(erect form) type. The naturalized plants and invasive alien species were identified as 24 taxa and 4 taxa, respectively. Naturalized and disturbance indices were 10.1% and 41.4%, respectively. The results of the site-species ordination by Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS), wetland types and altitude gradient were the main ecological factors determining the spatial distribution of plant communities. Diversity index and evenness index were high in mountainous palustrine wetlands with relatively high altitude, and the disturbance index, naturalized index and appearance rate of annual plant were high in riverine and lacustrine wetlands with low altitude.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.114-119
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• 2017

This study tried to analyze error range and resolution of drone images using a rotary wing by comparing them with field measurement results and to analyze stands patterns in actual vegetation map preparation by comparing drone images with aerial images provided by National Geographic Information Institute of Korea. A total of 11 ground control points (GCPs) were selected in the area, and coordinates of the points were identified. In the analysis of aerial images taken by a drone, error per pixel was analyzed to be 0.284 cm. Also, digital elevation model (DEM), digital surface model (DSM), and orthomosaic image were abstracted. When drone images were comparatively analyzed with coordinates of ground control points (GCPs), root mean square error (RMSE) was analyzed as 2.36, 1.37, and 5.15 m in the direction of X, Y, and Z. Because of this error, there were some differences in locations between images edited after field measurement and images edited without field measurement. Also, drone images taken in the stream and the forest and 51 and 25 cm resolution aerial images provided by the National Geographic Information Institute of Korea were compared to identify stands patterns. To have a standard to classify polygons according to each aerial image, image analysis software (eCognition) was used. As a result, it was analyzed that drone images made more precise polygons than 51 and 25 cm resolution images provided by the National Geographic Information Institute of Korea. Therefore, if we utilize drones appropriately according to characteristics of subject, we can have advantages in vegetation change survey and general monitoring survey as it can acquire detailed information and can take images continuously.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.31
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty is one of the World Heritage which should be conserved well. However, some of wax treated volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty have damaged seriously. Currently a variety of efforts to conserve and restore the injured volumes are continued and many studies about the aging mechanism of the wax treated volume have being progressed. The analysis of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) emitted from paper cultural heritage is one of the methods to understand the degradation pathway of paper cultural heritage. The analysis of VOCs emitted from paper cultural heritage has been mainly conducted by SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) method. SPME is potable and simple method but it is difficult to collect all VOCs emitted from a book such as the Annals of Joseon Dynasty. The dynamic chamber system has generally used to do analysis of VOCs emitted from the building materials, furniture and electric appliances. The chamber system is possible to do quantitative and qualitative analysis by a continuous $N_2$ gas flow and the proper chamber which is able to gather all VOCs emitted from the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. In this study, the most material among detected VOCs was Naphthalene. Naphthalene has used to prevent organic cultural heritage from being damaged by various microbes for a long time. Apart from Naphthalene, main VOCs were Acetic acid, 2-Chloroethanol, 2-Bromoethanol, Furfural, 1-Methylnaphthalene, Azulene, and 2,4-Dioctylphenol. Of these VOCs, Furfural especially was known for a marker which represents a different emission rate according to the aging level.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.31-42
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• 2003

This study looked at worked on remaining landscapes in terms of landscape ecology. It presented some ways to conserve and to activate remaining landscapes with examples of agricultural lands in Hwa-won Gun, Ok-po Myun. The results are as follows: We investigated 20 remaining landscape types and 90 remaining landscapes, and classified them in terms of forest and water zones. To evaluate the investigated remaining landscapes, we produced a grading system using 8 criteria such as vitality, stability, field suitability, type of inner scenery formation, connection, recreation, and culture/tradition. Our evaluation of the vitality found that Grade I had the mast remaining landscapes; Grade II had 28, Grade III had 16, Grade V had four, and Grade IV had none. We evaluated the outer landscape influence using 3 criteria such as divisibility, vitality, and indication. We found from evaluating the type of inner scenery formation that most of the landscapes superior to Grade III were adjacent to water zones and that linear landscapes evaluated as Grade I, and II played an important role in this connection. We evaluated the recreation probability using marks, frequencies, and emergencies of peculiar types. Based on the results, we proposed some ways to conserve and to activate the remaining landscapes classified by grades using the results of the last evaluation. Additionally, we proposed some ways to activate the restoration of the linear axis of the green space function the formation of a buffer green space around matric space, the improvement of the axis of the green space center, and the formation of additional green tracts of land to play the role of stepping stones. We proposed the possibility of improving uniformed farm land structures. This study did not consider the weighting values of the evaluation index. Therefore a more objective study will be needed with an expert-survey in the future.