• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.369-374
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• 2009

To examine the trend on the flowering time in some weather flora including Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, Cosmos bipinnatus, and Robinia pseudo-acacia in Busan, the changes in time series and rate of flowering time of plants were analyzed using the method of time series analysis. According to the correlation between the flowering time and the temperature, changing pattern of flowering time was very similar to the pattern of the temperature, and change rate was gradually risen up as time goes on. Especially, the change rate of flowering time in C. bipinnatus was 0.487 day/year and showed the highest value. In flowering date in 2007, the difference was one day between measurement value and prediction value in C. bipinnatus and R. pseudo-acacia, whereas the difference was 8 days in P. mume showing great difference compared to other plants. Flowering time was highly related with temperature of February and March in the weather flora except for P. mume, R. pseudo-acacia and C. bipinnatus. In most plants, flowering time was highly related with a daily average temperature. However, the correlation between flowering time and a daily minimum temperature was the highest in Rhododendron mucronulatum and P. persica, otherwise the correlation between flowering time and a daily maximum temperature was the highest in Pyrus sp.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trend on the change of the cherry blossom flowering time due to the temperature change by selecting regions that have long periods of cherry blossom flowering time data as cases. With the flowering time data, the distribution of cherry blossom flowering time, time series change and change rate of cherry blossom flowering time were analyzed. Also, the correlation between the cherry blossom flowering time and the temperature was analyzed. The flowering of cherry blossom is earlier in metropolitan areas, and in the east coastal region than the west coastal region. The trend on the change of the cherry blossom flowering time is very similar to change the temperature. The change rate of the cherry blossom flowering time is rising up in the whole regions under study, and is relatively high in metropolitan areas. Especially, the cherry blossom flowering time festinated greatly in Pohang that is one of the heavily industrialized cities. From the analysis of correlation analysis between cherry blossom flowering time and temperature elements, the cherry blossom flowering time is highly related with mean temperature of March, which the month is just before the beginning of flowering.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권3호
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• pp.290-301
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• 1990

1983년도(年度) 보고(報告)된 잣나무 수형목(秀型木) 167 clone의 clone 보존원(保存園)에서 1986년(年)부터 1989년(年)까지, 개화시기(開花時期), 개화율(開花率), 개화량(開花量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 자화(雌花)가 조기개화(早期開花)하는 소수 clone과 웅화(雄花)가 늦게 비산(飛散)하는 소수 clone들 사이에는 자연교배(自然交配) 될 수 없는 clone들도 있었다. 2) 웅화(雄花)의 개화율(開花率)은 낮았으며 자화(雌花)의 개화율(開花率)보다 유전적(遺傳的)인 영향을 많이 받고 있었다. 3) 자화(雌花)와 웅화(雄花)의 대화량(開花量)은 소수 clone에 의하여 영향을 받고 있었다. 4) 자화(雌花)와 웅화(雄花)의 개화량(開花量)은 상호(相互) 상관(相觀)이 없었으며 167 clone중 42 clone은 웅화(雄花)가 개화(開花)하지 않았다. 5) 167 clone의 개화량(開花量)은 L.S.D 5% 검정(檢定)에 의하여 자화(雌花)는 3 group, 웅화(雄花)는 4 group으로 분류(分類)되었다. 6) 주성분(主成分) 분석(分析)에 의하여 자화(雌花)와 웅화(雄花)가 다량개화(多量開花)하는 clone을 선발(選拔)할수 있었다. 7) 자화(雌花)의 개화율(開花率)과 개화량(開花量)을 기준으로 할 때 Juvenile phase 기간(期間)은 접목(接木)후 4년(年)까지 였으며 transition 기간(期間)은 접목(接木)후 5년(年)부터 7년(年)까지 adalt phase 기간(期間)은 접목(接木)후 8년(年)부터였다. 8) 잣나무 접목묘(接木苗)는 실생묘(實生苗) 보다 6년이상(年以上) 빠르게 개화(開花)하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.256-264
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the sexual reproduction and the resource allocation in a natural Polygonatum humile population grown in a temperate mixed forest gap. For this aim, the plant size, the node which flower was formed, the fruiting rate, and the dry weight of each organ were monitored from June 2014 to August 2015. Results: Firstly, in 3-13-leaf plants, plants with leaves ${\leq}8$ did not have flowers and in plants with over 9 leaves the flowering rate increased with the number of leaves. Among plants with the same number of leaves, the total leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were larger than those of non-flowering plants. The minimum leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were $100cm^2$ and 200 mg, respectively. Secondary, the flowers were formed at the 3rd~8th nodes, and the flowering rate was highest at the 5th node. Thirdly, cumulative values of leaf properties from the last leaf (the top leaf on a stem) to the same leaf rank were greater in a plant with a reproductive organ than in a plant without a reproductive organ. Fourthly, fruit set was 6.1% and faithful fruit was 2.6% of total flowers. Biomasses of new rhizomes produced per milligram dry weight of leaf were $0.397{\pm}190mg$ in plants that set fruit and $0.520{\pm}0.263mg$ in plants that did not, and the difference between the 2 plant groups was significant at the 0.1% level. Conclusions: P. humile showed that the 1st flower formed on the 3rd node from the shoot's base. And P. humile showed the minimum plant size needed in fruiting, and fruiting restricted the growth of new rhizomes. However, the fruiting rate was very low. Thus, it was thought that the low fruiting rate caused more energy to invest in the rhizomes, leading to a longer rhizome. A longer rhizome was thought to be more advantageous than a short one to avoid the shading.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.437-442
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• 2002

선발된 단기개화성 유전자원의 개화 특성 및 농업적 형질을 구명하여 협실의 균일도 향상에 의한 상품가치가 높은 땅콩을 육성하고자 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 단기개화성 계통들의 출현기는 대광땅콩에 비하여 1-3일 빨랐으며, 개화기는 비슷하였으나, 개화기간은 대광땅콩이 52일인데 비하여 단기개화 계통들은 36-47일로써 5-16일이 짧았으며, 초형별로는 valencia type이 가장 짧았다. 2. 초형별 개화수는 virginia ＞ spanish ＞ valencia 순으로 적었으며, 40일 이하의 극단기개화 계통은 valencia type이 23%로 가장 많았다. 3. 초형별 차광에 따른 개화억제율은 대광땅콩의 63%에 비하여 valencia 43% ＞ virginia 35% ＞ spanish 10%순 이었으며, 농업적 형질별로 감소율은 valencia type이 가장 적었다. 4. 개화와 기상요인 상관정도는 온도와는 각 초형 공히 고도의 정의상관의 유의성이 있었으나, 일조시수와는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 5. 초형에 따른 절위별 자방병 분포비율은 저위절(제1절과 2절)에서 virginia 97%, spanish 88%, ㅍ미두챰 93%로 대광땅콩의 85%에 비하여 3-l2% 높았으며, 절위별 착협 분포비율은 저위절(제1절과 2절)에서 virginia 100%, spanish 95%, valencia 96%로 대광땅콩의 74%에 비하여 21-26%높았다. 6. 개화 후 일수에 따른 성숙협 비율은 대광땅콩에 비하여 단기개화 계통들이 평균 12-17% 높았으며, 단기개화 계통들의 각 형질과의 상관은 개화시와 개화일수, 개화일수와 성숙협 비율과는 고도의 부 상관이었다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제22권
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

Pod-edible bean or snap bean is a fairly new crop to domestic farmers but the national demand is steadily increasing in recent years along with the development of western food business and change in dietary patterns. At the same time, much efforts are being made to export it to foreign country, mainly to Japan. The amount of seeds introduced from outside is also continuously increasing along with the enlargement of area planted for the crop. Hybridization breeding for the crop has already been started to supply the cheaper and better seeds which will reduce the seed costs and foster the higher income to the farmers. In this experiment, several technologies related with the production of quality seeds are preliminary investigated. Some of the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Highly significant interaction was recognized between planting dates and no. of pods per plant and no. of branches but no interaction between planting dates and plant height and no. of nodes on main stem. Days to maturity was proportionally reduced to later planting dates. 2. Rate of viviparous pods and seeds was gradually increased in later planting dates but rate of germination was increased in earlier planting dates with lower germination rate in white seed coat grains than in colored seed ones. 3. Seed yield was higher in the earlier planting dates with a great deal of varietal difference. Early to mid April was considered to he the optimum planting dates for snap bean in Kyungbuk area. High correlation was recognized between seed yield and no. of pods per plant, no. of seeds per plant, and 100 seed weight. 4. Days to flowering was three and seven days longer in Cheongsong, high mountainous area than in Kunwi, somewhat prairie lowland. One hundred seed weight was also higher in Cheongsong than in Kunwi. Rate of viviparous grains, pods, and decayed seeds was higher in Cheongsong but, at the same time, the rate of germination and seed yield was also higher in Cheongsong. 5. One hundred seed weight of KLG5007 increased continuously up to 35days after flowering and decreased thereafter but that of KLG50027 increased to 40days after flowering and slowly reduced thereafter. The content of crude oil reached to maximum at 40 days after flowering and reduced thereafter. The rate of germination in Gangnangkong 1 was the highest, 89.3%, at 35 days after flowering and reduced thereafter while that in KLG50027 reached to maximum, 70.7%. at 40days after flowering and reduced thereafter. Thus, the optimum harvesting time for snap bean was considered to be 35~40days after flowering. 6. The snap bean pods at yellow bean stage easily became viviparous ones under saturated moisture conditions for 24 hours at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it is recommended to harvest pods somewhat earlier than yellow-bean stage and let them do post maturing, especially when it is to be rained.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2014

Adonis multiflora is a spring ephemeral herb growing in temperate deciduous forests. To determine the flowering properties of a natural population of A. multiflora, air temperature, flowering time, and flower-falling were monitored from February 2009 to May 2011. The A. multiflora population in this study started flowering in early March and ended it in mid-April. The average flowering duration of a flower was 14.4 days in 2009 and 19.6 days in 2011. The average duration of flower-falling was between 3.4 days and 4.2 days for three years. Cumulative flowering rate (CFR) was correlated with year day (YD), year day index (YDI), and Nuttonson's index (Tn), with correlation coefficients (CC) of over 0.9 at the 1% significance level; CC value between CFR and YD was the largest and that between CFR and YDI was the smallest. However, at the 5% significance level, CFR was closely related with Tn more than any other factors. The CCs between flowering times of two years in each plant were high and significant at 1% level. The YD value of flowering time of a flower was inversely related to its flowering duration significantly for three years. In a given plant, when more flowering started early, the flowering duration was longer. The first flower blossomed on 73.4 YD in 2010 and 78.9 YD in 2011, and remained for 16.7 days in 2009 and 27.4 days in 2011, respectively; the fifth flower developed on 92.5 YD in 2010 and 96.6 YD in 2011, and remained for 8.0 days in 2009 and 14.6 days in 2011. The YD differences between the flowering times of two flowers decreased in the order of inflorescence.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics and propagation methods of Prunus species as woody landscape plants. Both the flowering time and the survival rate of grafting were investigated. The results are obtained as follows: The total of flowering period of Prunus species in Kyonggi province area lasted for about 26 days. The flowering time of the species overlaps. These observations suggest that the possibility of interspecific pollination among Prunus species is very high in the kyonggi province area. The total number of flowers in the species in area was in as follows decreasing order : (1) Prunus yedoensis >Prunus pendula var. ascendens > Prunus subhitella > Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo > Prunus leveillenana var. pendula. The number of carpels in each flower ranged from 0.3 for Prunus subhirtella to 1.8 for Prunus serulata for. fugenzo. In the caseof Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo, the carpels appeared to be degenerated and thus losted their function. However, there exist two tyoes of Prunus subhirtella. While one type had normal carpel, the other had the degenerated one. The survival rate of grafting was investigated on May 19. Eighty there percent of the plants survived when the grafting was made in the greenhouse in January whereas the plants grafted in nursery in March survived less in that Prunus suhirtella showed 64%, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula 47%, Prunus sesrulata for. fugenzo 43%, Prunus yedoensis 62% and Prunus pendula var. ascendens 24%, respectively. Therefore, it suggested that high humidity and optimal temperature appeared to incase the survival rate of the grated plants. We therefore propose here that grafting should be done in the greenhouse that both humidity and temperature could be controlled to enhance the efficiency of grafting. This will enable as to perform grafting in winter as well.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.308-316
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• 2018

Background: Genus Sasa, dwarf bamboos, are considered to be species that lower biodiversity in the temperate forests of East Asia. Although they have a long interval, they, the monocarpic species, have a unique characteristic of large-scale synchronized flowering. Therefore, once they have flowered and then declined, it may be an opportunity for suppressed surrounding species. A previous study reported that Sasa borealis showed specialized flowering nationwide with a peak in 2015. However, this was based on data from a social network service and field survey at Mt. Jeombong. Therefore, we investigated S. borealis in the forests of five national parks in order to determine whether this rare synchronized flowering occurred nationwide, as well as its spatial distribution. Results: We found a total of 436 patches under the closed canopy of Quercus mongolica-dominated deciduous forests in the surveyed transects from the five national parks. Of these patches, 75% occupied a whole slope area, resulting in an enormous area. The patch area tended to be larger in the southern parks. Half (219 patches) of the patches flowered massively. Among them, 76% bloomed in 2015, which was consistent with the results of the previous report. The flowering rate varied from park to park with that of Mt. Seorak being the highest. The culms of the flowering patches were significantly taller (F = 93.640, p < 0.000) and thicker (F = 61.172, p < 0.000). Following the event, the culms of the flowering patches declined, providing a good opportunity for the suppressed plant species. The concurrent massive flowering of the mature patches was believed to be triggered by some stress such as a spring drought. Conclusion: We confirmed that the rare synchronized flowering of S. borealis occurred with a peak in 2015 nationwide. In addition, we explored that S. borealis not only monopolized an enormous area, but also dominated the floors of the late-successional Q. mongolica-dominated deciduous forests. This presents a major problem for Korean forests. As it declined simultaneously after flowering, there are both possibilities of forest regeneration or resettlement of S. borealis by massively produced seeds.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2014

A natural population of Adonis multiflora, a spring ephemeral herb growing in temperate deciduous forests, was studied to determine the seed production characteristics. Plant size, flowering time, and seed number were monitored from February 2009 to May 2011 in main growing season (i.e., from March through May). The biomass rates of the shoot and the root in the A. multiflora population were 22-24% and 76-78%, respectively, and the biomass of the root was proportional to that of the shoot. The flowering rate was 60% in the plants with 1 to 2 g of shoot biomass, and 100% in the plants with >2 g of shoot biomass. In the plants with root biomass between 4 and 6 g, the flowering rate was 43% and, in the plants with the root biomass over 8 g, it was 100%. The shoot biomass was a better predictor of the flower production probability than the root biomass. The number of flowers and seeds was closely correlated to shoot biomass at 1% significance level. The size of the plant that produced seed excessively instead of the shoot biomass in one year typically decreased in the next year and vice versa. The flowering time and its duration were closely related to the number of faithful seeds but not to that of total seeds. The number of faithful seeds was proportionate to flowering duration and inversely proportionate to flowering time (year day, YD). In a plant, the number of faithful seeds noticeably decreased with the inflorescence (i.e., order of flower in a plant), and this difference between the two successive flowers was significant at the 1% level between the first and the third flower in 2009 and 2011 but not between the third and the fourth. However, the number of total seeds was mostly similar in the first through the fourth flower for all three years.