• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 1984

Photosynthetic rate of sesame varieties was investigated under the different cultural environments such as planting density or light intensity. The photosynthetic rate of Pungnyeon, monoculm variety, was higher than that of Kwangsan before flowering stage, while it was vice versa after the flowering stage. The maximum rate of photosynthetic rate was obtained three weeks after planting. The effects of light intensity on photosynthetic rate four weeks after planting was not apparent when the light intensity was reduced to the level of 35% and 55%, respectively. However, when the light intensity was reduced to 75% of the normal light intensity, the photosynthetic rate was also greatly reduced. The Photosynthetic rate after the flowering stage was reduced in the order of normal light, 35% and 75%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2010

The study investigated on quality characteristics of pan breads prepared with 0, 1, 3 and 5% flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. wils.) fruit powder. The pH of dough and bread decreased with the addition of flowering cherry fruit powder, whereas the weight of bread increased. The volume, specific volume and baking loss rate of the breads decreased as flowering cherry fruit powder levels increased. The volume of dough during fermentation of bread containing flowering fruit cherry powder was smaller than those of the dough without flowering cherry fruit powder. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of breads crumb and crust color were decreased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased; however, the redness (a) was increased. In the texture analyzer measurement, hardness and chewiness of the breads were significantly increased by adding the powder but cohesiveness was decreased. There was no significant difference in springiness. The antioxidative activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity of bread increased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased. The bread containing 3% flowering cherry fruit powder has acceptable sensory properties. such as color, smell, taste, chewiness, texture and overall acceptability. The results exhibited that adding the flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread increased antioxidant activity, and the highest quality improvement was obtained by incorporating 3% flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread formula.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the variation of Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) seed quality after flowering. We tagged individual open flowers of CMV at the day of maximum flowering(11 May) in Seoul, Korea. Seed samples were harvested serially at 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after flowering(DAF). To compare with dried seeds, non-dried seeds were tested immediately after harvest and the remaining seeds were placed at room temperature for 4 weeks. Seed length, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, germination rate(GR), mean germination time(MGT), germination speed(GS), germination performance index(GPI) and physical dormancy rate(PDR) were investigated. Seed length increased to 2.6 mm and 1000 seed weight reached up to 2.2 g until 25 DAF. Seed moisture content dramatically decreased from 20 to 25 DAF. Moisture content of non-dried seed(7.5%) was similar to that of dried seed(5.5%) at 25 DAF. The rate of seed viability reached up to 94% at 25 DAF. In case of dried seed, GR increased up to 39% at 25 DAF whereas GR of non-dried seed varied from 5 to 10%. GS and GPI of dried seed were significantly higher than those of non-dried seed since 25 DAF. PDR of dried seed has decreased since 20 DAF, whereas PDR of non-dried seed has increased. GR, GS and GPI increased as PDR decreased. Our results evidenced that PDR might be one of major factor in variation of seed quality, of which development was completed at 25 DAF.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.827-833
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• 2018

Plasma lighting systems have been engineered to simulate sunlight. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of plasma lighting on tomato plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, flowering rate, and physiological disorders. Tomato plants were grown in growth chambers at air temperatures of $25/23^{\circ}C$ (light/dark period), in a $16h\;day^{-1}$ light period provided by four different light sources: 1 kW and 700 W sulfur plasma lights (1 SPL and 0.7 SPL), 1 kW indium bromide plasma light, and 700 W high pressure sodium lamp (0.7 HPS) as a control. The totaldry weight and leaf area at 0.7 SPL were approximately 1.2 and 1.3 times greater, respectively, than that of 0.7 HPS at the 62 days after sowing (DAS). The maximum light assimilation rate was observed at 1 SPL at the 73 DAS. In addition, the light compensation and saturation points of the plants treated with plasma lighting were 98.5% higher compared with HPS. Those differences appeared to be related to more efficient light interception, provided by the SPL spectrum. The percentage of flowering at 0.7 SPL was 30.5%, which was higher than that at 0.7 HPS; however, there were some instances of severe blossom end rot. Results indicate that plasma lighting promotes tomato growth, flowering, and photosynthesis. Therefore, a plasma lighting system may be a valuable supplemental light source in a greenhouse or plant factory.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.86-90
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• 1980

To define the effect of planting time on the flowering of the peanut varieties, Cheonyup banlip and 9 other varieties were planted seven times at 15 day interval from April 15. The days to flowering of all peanut varieties were shortened proportionately with delayed planting time. The significant negative correlation (r =-0.86**) was recognized between the shortening rate of the days to flowering by later planting time and the days to flowering of peanuts planted at standard seeding time. The short day treatment did not have any effect on the chance of the days to flowering of each variety. A significant negative correlation was recognized between the number of flowers and the days to flowering of the peanut varieties planted at standard seeding time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.9-21
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• 1988

This study was to obtain effect of stem leading time and angles on the growing and flowering in climbing rose. The results were as follows : In the rambler type, climber type and pillar type, differences of bud size were decreased between upper ports and lower parts as leading angles were close to the horizon. And bud type was like a long-egg shape. regardless of growing type, differences of stets diameter between upper parts and lower parts were decreased when the angles were leaded horizon. In order to increase rate of shooting and flowering, regardless of leading time, rambler type was shooted in a short period and flowered evenly, from upper to lower parts of stem as leading angles were horizon. But in the case of 45$^{\circ}$, the rate of lower parts was nearly zero. In climber type, shooting and flowering was only happened to the lower parts of stem when leaded during growth stage according to leaded horizon. These phenomena are supposed that shooting and flowering rate are influenced by not only apical dominance but degree of bud growth. Meanwhile, pillar type was shooted and flowered evenly to lower parts when the stem was leaded during growth stage or not leaded completely. But in creeper type, there was no connection with the leading. Therefore, this type had better not leaded. Length of flowering stem, regardless of growing type, was equaled when leaded during growth stage according to leaded horizon.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1985

Phenological development, flowering and leafin times of Rhododendron muronulatum and R. schlippenbachii along elevagtion were studied at Mt. Kwanak, 629m high above the sea level, in Seoul. Flowering and leafing time of the former were delayed at the rate of 2.3~3.3 days and those of the latter were of 2.0~3.0 days per 100m ascent. Phenological changes of both plant species were closely correlated with minimum air temperature first, and then soil water content and minimum soil temperature among the climatic factors. Phenological difference caused by altitude and slope direction(southeast-northwest) among the topographic factors was admitted at the high significance level, but the difference by ridgevalley was little.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2008

This study was carried out to get the basic data for safflower cultivation according to sowing date by growth analysis for 2 years form 2003 to 2004 at Institute of natural product in Uiseong, G.B.A.R.E.S.. Safflower(Cheongsoo cultivar) was seeded at March 1st, April 1st, May 1st, and July 1st in field. The necessary date for germination was 24 days, when safflower was seeded at March 1st, but it was 8 days which sowed at April 1st and when the seed was sowed at high temperature period, the necessary date for germination was getting short. The necessary date for flowering was the same trend as germination; it took 104 days at March 1st, 79 days at April 1st, 65 days at May 1st, and 58 days at July 1st sowing treatment. The safflower growth was the most vigor when it was sowed at March 1st. T/R(Top/Root) ratio was gently increased during growing season, but when the seed was sowed at July 1 st, it was low compare to sowing at March 1st and April 1st. RGR(Relative growth rate) was the highest during shoot growth stage, but it was rapidly decreased after flowering. CGR(Crop growth rate) was increased at branching stage, and the increasing velocity was slightly decreased just before flowering, and it was increased again at flowering and at this stage, CGR was the highest, and then it did not increased. NAR(Net assimilation rate) was the highest at shoot growth stage during growing season, and was the highest which was sowed at March 1st.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.155-164
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• 2023

Sedirea japonica is one of the critically endangered species in South Korea mostly due to artificial harms such as illegal collection and habitat destruction. Therefore, artificial propagation through improving germination rate, increasing growth, and controlling flowering is meaningful for the conservation and reintroduction of S. japonica. It is suggested that cytokinins are one of the multi-factors that contribute to plant growth and floral responses. Especially, exogenous cytokinins have been known to induce or promote shoot growth or earlier flowering in orchids. Therefore, it was investigated how the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) influenced the growth and inflorescence of S. japonica. A foliar spray containing BA at 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was applied from 1st July to 30th December 2021. Leaf length, leaf length growth rate, leaf width, and width and length ratio were measured as growth-related factors. Visible inflorescence rate, inflorescence length, the number of flowers per inflorescence, and the distance between the stalks were measured as flowering-related factors. Growth-related factors except for leaf growth rate were not affected by BA treatments, while leaf growth rate was significantly increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment. The visible inflorescence rate increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment, and there seems an optimal concentration and threshold of BA treatment. An iterative experiment with more seedlings and measurement factors would be helpful to figure out the effects of exogenous BA treatment on S. japonica, and it can be applied for mass propagation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

Rice is very sensitive to high temperatures during the reproductive stage, particularly during the flowering and anthesis periods. To determine how high temperatures result in sterility during the flowering period in Korean rice cultivars, groups of 11 cultivars were subjected to different temperature regimes (24, 28, 30, and 33℃) during the flowering stage using sunlit phytotrons. At an average of 33℃, all 11 rice cultivars reached anthesis earlier than at the other temperatures. Microscopy analyses revealed significant differences in pollen germination and pollen viability in cultivars grown at 33℃ compared to those cultured at lower temperatures. At 33℃, the cultivars had significantly lower fertility rates (47% reduction) than cultivars grown at 24℃. These findings are important as rice pollination and fertility depend on the pollen viability and germination. The present study shows that rice fertility is negatively affected by excessively high temperatures.