• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.108-111
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• 2008

Some proteins of E. coli are stable at temperatures significantly higher than $49^{\circ}C$, the maximum temperature at which the organism can grow. The heat stability of such proteins would be a property which is inherent to their structures, or it might be acquired by evolution for their specialized functions. In this study, we describe the identification of 17 heat-stable proteins from E. coli. Approximately one-third of these proteins were recognized as having functions in the protection of other proteins against denaturation. These included chaperonin (GroEL and GroES), molecular chaperones (DnaK and FkpA) and peptidyl prolyl isomerases (trigger factor and FkpA). Another common feature was that five of these proteins (GroEL, GroES, Ahpc, RibH and ferritin) have been shown to form a macromolecular structure. These results indicated that the heat stability of certain proteins may have evolved for their specialized functions, allowing them to cope with harsh environments, including high temperatures.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2013

Network-RTK GPS positioning technique based on national CORS(Continuous Operating Reference Station) and wireless internet access as like VRS and FKP was developed to overcome the limitations of traditional RTK technique. In Korea, NGII(National Geographic Information Institute) provides network-RTK service based on 51 CORS and mobile internet network. The purpose of this study is the accuracy evaluation of the height determined by GPS VRS technique based on network-RTK, So, in this study GPS VRS positioning was accomplished through 1st level BM line located at Sancheong~Jinju and $2^{nd}$ level BM line located at Geochang~Sancheong and the average error of the each BM line was calculated as 2.15cm and 1.80cm respectively. This result shows that GPS VRS height positioning can be used in $3^{rd}$ and 4th public BM leveling and also work regulation is needed to apply the GPS VRS height positioning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2014.06a
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• pp.107-108
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• 2014

As the demand for precise navigation has increased, more focus is put on the precise positioning, RTK(Real Time Kinematics) which has been used in the surveying field. The Position of Single Reference Station RTK or two-way network RTK such as VRS (Virtual Reference Station) is accurate enough to be used as a main technology in land surveying, however its service area and number of users is limited and the users are assumed static. This characteristic is not suitable to the navigation, whose service target is infinite number of users moving over a wide area. One-way network RTK has recently been suggested as a solution for the precise navigation technique for the mobile user. This paper shows the performance prediction of the one-way network RTK such as MAC(Master-Auxiliary Concept), or FKP (Flachenkorrekturparameter). To show the performance variation by the rover position, we constructed a simulation data of users on the grid with 0.1 degree spacing between 36.5 and 37 degree latitude and between 127 and 127.5 degree longitude.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

With the increase in the number of smartphone users, precise 3D positional information is required by various applications. The positioning accuracy using civilian single-frequency pseudoranges is at the level of 10 m or so, but most applications these days are asking for a sub-meter level Therefore, instead of an absolute positioning technique, the VRS-based differential approach is applied along with the correction of the double-differenced (DD) residual errors using FKP (Flachen-Korrektur-Parameter). The VRS (Virual Reference Station) is located close to the rover, and the measurements are generated by correcting the geometrical distance to those of the master reference station. Since the unmodeled errors are generally proportional to the length of the baselines, the correction parameters are estimated by fitting a plane to the DD pseudorange errors of the CORS network. The DD positioning accuracy using 24 hours of C/A code measurements provides the RMS errors of 37 cm, 28 cm for latitudinal and longitudinal direction, respectively, and 76 cm for height. The accuracy of the horizontal components is within ${\pm}0.5m$ for about 90% of total epochs, and in particular the biases are significantly decreased to the level of 2-3 cm due to the network-based error modeling. Consequently, it is possible to consistently achieve a sub-meter level accuracy from the single-frequency pseudoranges using the VRS and double-differenced error modeling.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.131-146
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• 2021

Multimodal biometric-based recognition has been an active topic because of its higher convenience in recent years. Due to high user convenience of finger, finger-based personal identification has been widely used in practice. Hence, taking Finger-Print (FP), Finger-Vein (FV) and Finger-Knuckle-Print (FKP) as the ingredients of characteristic, their feature representation were helpful for improving the universality and reliability in identification. To usefully fuse the multimodal finger-features together, a new robust representation algorithm was proposed based on hierarchical model. Firstly, to obtain more robust features, the feature maps were obtained by Gabor magnitude feature coding and then described by Local Binary Pattern (LBP). Secondly, the LGBP-based feature maps were processed hierarchically in bottom-up mode by variable rectangle and circle granules, respectively. Finally, the intension of each granule was represented by Local-invariant Gray Features (LGFs) and called Hierarchical Local-Gabor-based Gray Invariant Features (HLGGIFs). Experiment results revealed that the proposed algorithm is capable of improving rotation variation of finger-pose, and achieving lower Equal Error Rate (EER) in our homemade database.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.99-111
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• 2004

Both baked sausage with freeze-dried Kimchi powder(FDKP) and unbaked sausage with FDKP were compared for the analysis. The results are as follows. First, general scores for baked sausage FDKP were higher than those of unbaked sausage with FDKP. Second, baked sausage with freeze-dried Kimchi powder showed scores in color(7.15), taste(7.10), softness(6.00), and overall(7.15) for 3% FKP preference the most. Third, unbaked sausage with FDKP showed scores in color(6.65) for 9% FDKP preference the most. Color is preferred with both 3%(6.45) and 6%(6.45) FDKP. Fourth, softness(5.70) is preferred with the control group. Fifth, taste(6.45), overall(6.25), and hotness(6.85) were preferred with 3% FDKP. Therefore, baked and unbaked sausages with 3-6% FDKP were judged the most commodities.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2023

The Korea Augmentation Satellite System (KASS) system is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) under development to provide APV-I SBAS service in the Republic of Korea. The KASS ground segment generates correction and integrity information for GPS measurements of KASS users using the accurate positions of KASS Reference Station (KRS) antenna phase centers. For this reason, the accuracy of KRS reference points through geodetic survey campaigns is one of the important factors for providing the KASS service in compliance with the required navigation performance. In order to obtain accurate positions, two geodetic survey campaigns were performed at several reference points, such as Mark, Center of Mast at Ground Level (CMGL), and Center of Hole in Top Plate (CHTP), of each KRS site using three different survey methods, the Virtual Reference Station (VRS), Flächen Korrektur Parameter (FKP), and raw data post-processing methods. By comparing and analyzing the results, the computed coordinates of the reference points were verified and Antenna Phase Center (APC) positions were calculated using KRS Antenna Reference Point (ARP) data, and the first KASS Site Acceptance Test (SAT#1) was performed successfully using the verified APC coordinates. After the first site survey activities, the KASS operators should maintain the coordinates with the required performance such that the overall KASS navigation performance commitment is guaranteed during the lifetime of 15 years. Therefore, the maintenance plan for the KRS antenna coordinates should be developed before the commissioning of KASS operation planned after 2023. Therefore, this paper presents a geodetic survey method selected for the maintenance activities and provides the rationale for using this method.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Since January 2009, Seoul Metro Government(SMG) is operating own Network RTK Systems connecting four(4) GNSS Reference Stations which are installed inside Seoul Metro City area. SMG is currently providing VRS data service via wireless internet for Network-RTK and RINEX data observed from GNSS Reference Stations. This paper will discuss utilization of data available from SMG Network-RTK System for various applications, and present the test results on practicalities of Virtual RINEX data. For the utilization of data available from SMG Network- RTK system, 1)NTRIP data delivery of GNSS realtime observables streaming and converting to RINEX at receiving side, 2) monitoring deformation of bulky structures using GNSS observation were discussed. In addition to those discussion, 3) broadcasting VRS correction data for job site via radio modem after acquiring such correction data on-line using NTRIP based GNSS Internet Radio from SMG Network-RTK System were introduced. For the test results on practicalities of Virtual RINEX data, 1) the post-processing results of the GNSS observation data on a certain point with GNSS Reference Station data have been compared to the post-processing results of Virtual RINEX data on the same point generated from SMG Network-RTK System, and 2) VRS RTK positioning results for a certain point and post-processing results of Virtual RINEX data for the point were compared. The results showed only a few mm difference, and the high possibility for using Virtual RINEX data for post-processing applications.