• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2002.07b
• /
• pp.976-979
• /
• 2002

A focusing grating coupler (FGC) was not fabricated by the 'Continuous Path Control' writing strategy but by an electron-beam lithography system of more general exposure mode, which matches not only the address grid with the grating period but also an integer multiple of the address grid resolution (5 nm), To more simplify the fabrication, we are able to reduce a process step without large decrease of pattern quality by excluding a conducting material or layer such as metal (Al, Cr, Au), which are deposited on top or bottom of an e-beam resist to prevent charge build-up during e-beam exposure. A grating pitch period and an aperture feature size of the FGC designed and fabricated by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching were ranged over 384.3 nm to 448.2 nm, and $0.5{\times}0.5mm^2$ area, respectively, This fabrication method presented will reduce processing time and improve the grating quality by means of a consideration of the address grid resolpution, grating direction, pitch size and shapes when exposing. Here our investigations concentrate on the design and efficient fabrication results of the FGC for coupling from slab waveguide to a spot in free space.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.426-430
• /
• 2014

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer. Although prostate tumors respond to androgen ablation therapy at an early stage, they often acquire the potential of androgen-independent growth. Elevated transcriptional activity of androgen receptor (AR) and/or signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) contributes to the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we examined the effect of resveratrol, a phytoalexin present in grapes, on the reporter gene activity of AR and STAT3 in human prostate cancer (LNCaP-FGC) cells stimulated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Our study revealed that resveratrol suppressed the growth of LNCaP-FGC cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Whereas the AR transcriptional activity was induced by treatment with either IL-6 or DHT, the STAT3 transcriptional activity was induced only by treatment with IL-6 but not with DHT. Resveratrol significantly attenuated IL-6-induced STAT3 transcriptional activity, and DHT- or IL-6-induced AR transcriptional activity. Treatment of cells with DHT plus IL-6 significantly increased the AR transcriptional activity as compared to DHT or IL-6 treatment alone and resveratrol markedly diminished DHT plus IL-6-induced AR transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was decreased by resveratrol in the DHT-, IL-6- or DHT plus IL-6-treated LNCaP-FGC cells. Taken together, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on IL-6- and/or DHT-induced AR transcriptional activity in LNCaP prostate cancer cells are partly mediated through the suppression of STAT3 reporter gene activity, suggesting that resveratrol may be a promising therapeutic choice for the treatment of prostate cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.2141-2144
• /
• 2014

Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death. It has a poor prognosis with only 5-10% of hereditary etiology. If it is diagnosed, it could be helpful for screening the other susceptible members of a family for preventive procedures. Usually it is identified by symptoms such as presence of cancer in different members of family, some special type of pathology such as diffused adenocarcinoma, having younger age and multiple cancer syndromes. Hence, designing a registry program can be a more practical way to screen high risk families for a preventive program. Materials and Methods: Based on the inclusion criteria, a questionnaire was prepared. After pilot on a small number of patients, the actual data was collected from 197 patients and processed in SPSS 16.0. Results: Totally, 11.8% of the patients were younger than 45 years old. Blood type 'A' was dominant and males had a higher risk behavior with higher consumption of unhealthy food. Adenocarcinoma was reported in majority of cases. 21.8% of the patients had the including criteria for familial gastric cancer (FGC). Conclusions: The high percentage of FGC population compared to the other studies have revealed a need to design an infrastructural diagnostic protocol and screening program for patients with FGC, plus preventive program for family members at risk which could be done by a precise survey related to frequency and founder mutations of FGC in a national registry program.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.109-115
• /
• 2002

In the case of using high temperature by coating ceramic/metal, large stress was produced due to difference of thermal expansion coefficient between those. And then lead to delamination. In order to relaxation of the stress A1$_2$O$_3$/SS316 composite powders with $10wt.%Al_2O_3$ compositional gradient and $10wt.%Al_2O_3$ agglomerated powder were made by spray drying method. These powders were sintered to improve the strength and to be plasma sprayed in order to fabricate the FGC(functionally graded coating). The influence of gun power, working distance and Ar pressure on the microstructure of the coating layer was studied in order to optimize the plasma spray conditions. It was proven that the optimum conditions were 40kw gun power, 5cm working distance and $100ft^3/h$ Ar flow for both powders. FGC with 10 compositional steps was fabricated and the total thickness was 1.3mm. FGC was heat treated at $1100^{\circ}C$for 10hours to evaluate the heat resisting characteristics.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 2003

Plasma spraying technique was used to fabricate functionally graded coating (FGC) of NiCrAIY/YSZ 8wt%$Y_2O_3-ZrO_2$ on a Co-base superalloy (HAYNES 188) substrate. Six layers were coated on the substrate for building up compositionally graded architecture. Conventional thermal barrier coating (TBC) of NiCrAIY/SZ with sharp interface was also fabricated. As-coated FGC and TBC samples were exposed at the temperature of $1100^{\circ}C$ for 10, 50, 100 hours in air. Microstructural change of thermally exposed samples was examined. Pores and microcracks were formed in YSZ layer due to evolution of thermal internal stress at high temperature. The amount of pores and microcracks in YSZ layer were increased with increasing exposure time at high temperature. High temperature oxidation of coatings occurred mainly at the NiCrAIY/YSZ interface. In comparison with the case of TBC. the increased area of the NiCrAIY/YSZ interface in FGC is likely to attribute to forming the higher amount of oxides.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2002

A focusing grating coupler (FGC) was not fabricated by the 'Continuous Path Control'writing strategy but by an electron-beam lithography system of more general exposure mode, which matches not only the address grid with the grating period but also an integer multiple of the address grid resolution (5 nm). To more simplify the fabrication, we are able to reduce a process step without large decrease of pattern quality by excluding a conducting material or layer such as metal (Al, Cr, Au), which are deposited on top or bottom of an e-beam resist to prevent charge build-up during e-beam exposure. A grating pitch period and an aperture feature size of the FGC designed and fabricated by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching were ranged over 384.3 nm to 448.2 nm, and 0.5 $\times$ 0.5 mm$^2$area, respectively. This fabrication method presented will reduce processing time and improve the grating quality by means of a consideration of the address grid resolution, grating direction, pitch size and shapes when exposing. Here our investigations concentrate on the design and efficient fabrication results of the FGC for coupling from slab waveguide to a spot in free space.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.245-255
• /
• 2019

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion is a promising technology for $CO_2$ capture with a benefit of improving power plant efficiency compared with atmospheric oxy-fuel combustion. Prior to $CO_2$ compression in this process, a flue gas condenser (FGC) is used to remove $H_2O$ while recovering the latent heat. At the same time, the FGC has a potential for high-efficiency removal of $SO_x$ and $NO_x$ by exploiting their good solubility in water. In this study, experiments were carried out in a lab-scale, direct contact FGC under different pressures varying between 1 and 20 bar to evaluate the removal efficiency of $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ for individual gases and their mixture. In the tests for individual gases, 20% and 76% of $NO_x$ was removed at 1 bar and 10 bar, respectively. Even higher removal efficiencies were achieved for $SO_2$, and also these were maintained for longer as the pressure increased. In the tests for $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ mixture, the removal efficiency of $NO_x$ increased from 13% at 1 bar to 56% at 20 bar because of higher solubility at elevated pressures. $SO_2$ in the mixture was initially dissolved almost completely and then increased by 1,219 ppm at 1 bar and by 165 ppm at 20 bar. Overall, the removal efficiency of $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ was increased at elevated pressures, but it was lower in the mixture compared with individual gases at identical conditions because of a lower pH and associated chemical reactions in water.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.59 no.1
• /
• pp.60-67
• /
• 2021

This study presented techno-economic analysis of a 500 MWe oxy-coal power plant with CO2 capture. The power plant included a circulating fluidized-bed (CFB), ultra-supercritical steam turbine, flue gas conditioning (FGC), air separation unit (ASU), and CO2 processing unit (CPU). The dry flue gas recirculation (FGR) was used to control the combustion temperature of CFB. One FGR heat exchanger, one heat exchanger for N2 stream exiting ASU, and a heat recovery from CPU compressor were considered to enhance heat efficiency. The decrease in the temperature difference (ΔT) of the FGR heat exchanger that means the increase in heat recovery from flue gas enhanced the electricity and exergy efficiencies. The annual cost including the FGR heat exchanger and FGC cooling water was minimized at ΔT = 10 ℃, where the electricity efficiency, total capital cost, total production cost, and return on investment were 39%, 1371 M$, 90 M$, and 7%/y, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 2020

Fermented complex from garlic and nine medicinal plants were developed as a natural whitening material. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was determined and four active compounds were isolated. The nutritional components of fermented garlic complex (FGC) were analyzed to confirm the applicability as a functional food material. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect of FGC was 88.6%. Methanol extract was partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH and H₂O. From the EtOAc fraction (47 g), which showed the highest yield, active fractions were separated by repeated TLC, silica gel and ODS column chromatography to isolate active compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were analyzed by NMR and MS spectra. Phenylpropanoid compounds of 2,4,5-trihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid (1) (1.9 mg) and 2,3,5-trihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid (2) were confirmed. In addition, 2,4-dihydroxy-hydrocinnamic acid (3) (3.3 mg) and (+)sesamin (4) (6.1 mg) were isolated. These compounds will be useful as index compounds or functional compounds in FGC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.374-379
• /
• 1998

Nowadays, as the traffic volume is higher, the more pavement are expanded and constructed. In korea, the most of the pavement system were covered with an asphaltic concrete or portland cement concrete, so it need the new system of pavement to protect the natural environments. The objectives of this study are to investigate properties and applications of Soilcrete using FGC soil stabillizer and then to evaluate the benefits to be gained by Soilcrete pavement, when a pavement system of existing are replaced by Soilcrete, for example, environmental advantages, cost savings, ultimately.