• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.961-966
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• 2008

Direct and maternal genetic parameters for production traits in 1,642 pigs and maternal genetic correlations among production (1,642 pigs) and feed efficiency (380 boars) traits were estimated in 7 generations of a Duroc population. Traits studied were daily gain (DG), intramuscular fat (IMF), loineye area (LEA), backfat thickness (BF), daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). The RFI was calculated as the difference between actual and predicted feed intake. The predicted feed intake was estimated by adjusting the initial test weight, DG and BF. Data for production traits were analyzed using four alternative animal models (including direct, direct+maternal permanent environmental, or direct+maternal genetic+maternal permanent environmental effects). Direct heritability estimates from the model including direct and all maternal effects were $0.41{\pm}0.04$ for DG, $0.27{\pm}0.04$ for IMF, $0.52{\pm}0.06$ for LEA and $0.64{\pm}0.04$ for BF. Estimated maternal heritabilities ranged from $0.04{\pm}0.04$ to $0.15{\pm}0.05$ for production traits. Antagonistic relationships were observed between direct and maternal genetic effects ($r_{am}$) for LEA (-0.21). Maternal genetic correlations of feed efficiency traits with FI ($r_g$ of FI with FCR and RFI were $0.73{\pm}0.06$ and $0.90{\pm}0.05$, respectively) and LEA (rg of LEA with FCR and RFI were $-0.48{\pm}0.05$ to $-0.61{\pm}0.05$, respectively) were favorable. The estimated moderate genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects for IMF and LEA indicated that maternal effects has an important role in these traits, and should be accounted for in the genetic evaluation system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.563-567
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effect of various vitamins on performance and digestibility in growing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 54 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $42.73{\pm}2.40kg$) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates (6 pigs/pen) for 40 days. The three dietary treatments were: 100% fat-soluble vitamins (FSV) and water-soluble vitamins (WSV); 150% FSV and 100% WSV of NRC (1998); and 100% FSV and 150% WSV of NRC (1998). In experiment 2, a total of 180 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $28.20{\pm}3.05 kg$) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with three replicates for four weeks (15 pigs/pen). The four dietary treatments were, 150% vitamin A and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin D and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin E and 100% other vitamins, and 150% vitamin K and 100% other vitamins. In experiment 1, there were significant differences in growth performance and digestibility of nutrients among the treatments. The ADG, ADFI and FCR of pigs fed 150% FSV diet were better (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR between pigs fed the control and 150% WSV diets. Digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and calcium were improved in 150% FSV treatment group compared with control (p<0.05). However, the improvement was similar when compared with 150% WSV except for Ca. In experiment 2, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR and nutrient digestibility between the fat-soluble vitamin treatments when fed at the 150% level. In conclusion, growing pigs were more responsive to additional fat-soluble vitamin supplements over the requirements suggested by NRC (1998) than to water-soluble vitamin supplements as measured by growth performance and digestibility of nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted to evaluate Bio-V-Pro as an alternative protein source in broiler diets. Treatments were control, Bio-V-Pro 1% (BP 1), Bio-V-Pro 3% (BP 3), and Bio-V-Pro 5% (BP 5). During the starter period, all treated groups showed beter performance than control group in weight gain and feed intake (p < 0.05). The best FCR was observed in BP 1 group and the worst was found in BP 5 group. For the overall period, chicks fed BP 1 and BP 3 diets gained more than the chicks fed the control and BP 5 diets. All Bio-V-Pro fed groups consumed more feed than the control group (p < 0.05). FCR were similar between the control and BP 1 group, but BP 3 and BP 5 groups showed higher FCR than the control group. During the starter period, all BP groups showed better utilizability of crude protein, crude ash and phosphorus than the control group (p < 0.05). For the finisher period, except for the BP 5 group, the nutrient utilizability was not significantly different in most nutrients. Nutrients utilizability had a tendency (not significant) to decrease as the level of Bio-V-Pro in the diet was increased. Lysine utilizability was not affected by the dietary treatment, however, methionine utilizability was higher in BP 1 and BP 3 group than in the control group. From the results of this experiment, it seems that Bio-V-Pro is a good alternative protein source which can replace fish meal in starter diet up to 3% of the diet effectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2005

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rice protein concentrate (RPC) in weaning pigs. In expt. I, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with 126 pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.32${\pm}$0.34 kg). Treatments were spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP; control), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and RPC (phase 1), and dried porcine soluble (DPS; control), SPC and RPC (phase 2). An ileal digestibility trial was also conducted to compare digestibility of amino acids in the tested protein sources. In expt. II, 160 weaning pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.65${\pm}$0.35 kg) were used in a 5-week feeding trial to determine the optimal inclusion level of RPC in the diet. Treatments were control (9% SPC), and three levels of RPC instead of SPC in the diets (3, 6 and 9%). During phase 1, pigs fed SDPP showed better (p<0.05) ADG and FCR compared with those fed SPC or RPC, while there was no difference in ADFI among treatments. During phase 2, however, pigs fed DPS showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed SPC or RPC. During the total period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and FCR among treatments. The apparent ileal digestibilities of his, lys, phe, thr and met were not different among the tested protein sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of arg, ile, leu and val were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. The true ileal digestibilities of arg and leu were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP and SPC. However, that of met was higher (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. In expt. II, there were no significant differences in ADG and FCR when SPC was substituted with RPC up to 9% during the total period. In conclusion, based on our experimental results, RPC would replace SPC in the complex prestarter diet, which is somewhat cheaper than SPC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.465-479
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• 2020

Objective: This study performed a meta-analysis of published trials to determine the effects of zinc on the immune response and production performance of broilers. Methods: A database was built from published literature regarding the addition of zinc forms or doses and their relation to the immune response and production performance of broilers. Different doses or forms of zinc were identified in the database. The recorded parameters were related to the immune response and production performance. The database contained a total of 323 data points from 41 studies that met the criteria. Then, the data were processed for a meta-analysis using a mixed model methodology. The doses or different forms of zinc were considered fixed effects, different studies were treated as random effects, and p-values were used as the model statistics. Results: An increase in zinc dose increased (p<0.05) pancreas metallothionein (MT) and zinc concentrations in the plasma, tibia and meat, all in quadratic patterns, but linearly decreased (p<0.05) the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Regarding the different zinc forms, both inorganic and organic zinc increased (p<0.05) the zinc concentrations in the plasma and tibia, the calcium and phosphorus contents in the tibia, and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase in meat as compared to control. An increase in zinc dose increased average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) following a quadratic pattern (p<0.05). Inorganic and organic zinc decreased (p<0.05) FCR and H/L ratio than that of control, but these two forms were similar for these parameters. Conclusion: Zinc addition has a positive impact on immunity and broiler production. Zinc can suppress stress and inhibit the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in broilers, and it can also improve ADG, FCR, and the quality of broiler carcasses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.713-720
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• 2002

A study was designed to determine the effects on broiler performance of two levels of antioxidant (ethoxyquin) in poultry rations containing two levels of oxidized and non-oxidized soybean oil. One hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six experimental groups comprising thirty chicks on each treatment. Six experimental rations having 2% nonoxidized soybean oil, 2% and 3% oxidized soybean oil, all three supplemented with normal (125 g/t) or higher (175 g/t) level of ethoxyquin, were formulated for both starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) phases. These rations were randomly fed to six experimental groups having 30 birds on each ration and three replicates on each treatment. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chicks fed 2% non-oxidized and 2% oxidized soybean oil were statistically non-significant. Weight gain in groups fed 3% oxidized oil was significantly lower than non-oxidized group while FCR was significantly lower than both groups. Weight gain in the higher level ethoxyquin group was significantly better than lower level, while feed intake and FCR were statistically non-significant in both levels of ethoxyquin. Acid and Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) values in the three groups differed significantly with the lower in non-oxidized group and highest in the 3% oxidized group. Higher level of ethoxyquin significantly lower acid and TBA values compared to lower level of ethoxyquin. Thus it can be concluded that oxidation of oil reduces its feeding value and that the addition of ethoxyquin is beneficial.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2005

The present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of reconstitution (R) on utilization of red sorghum (S) in diets of broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=360) were randomly divided into 36 groups of 10 chicks each, and 9 dietary treatments were allotted to 4 groups (replicates) in a completely randomized design. Out of the 9 treatments, one was corn-soy based control (D1). The rest of the treatments were diets consisting of four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% part of corn) of raw red sorghum (S25-S100) or four levels of reconstituted red sorghum (RS25-RS100). The tannin content reduced from 2.3% to 1.6% after reconstitution of red sorghum. Body weight gain reduced significantly (p<0.01) in diets containing unprocessed red sorghum beyond 33% in diet or reconstituted red sorghum at any level. However, during finishing growth phase the birds receiving either processed or unprocessed sorghum (barring S75) had statistically similar gains in body weight. During over all growth phase (0-6 wk), live weight gains in all the dietary treatments did not differ statistically. Feed intake during 0-6 wk was significantly higher (p<0.05) in diets containing sole red sorghum than corn-soy based control diets Feed conversion ratio during 0-3 wk period in control and unprocessed red-sorghum diets were similar but statistically poorer (p<0.01) FCR emanated from reconstituted groups, while during 3-6 wk of age FCR was poorer (p<0.05) in diets containing 75% red sorghum, either processed or unprocessed. FCR, in overall growth phases, in control diet was statistically similar to the groups fed diets containing up to 33% unprocessed or 16% reconstituted group. The carcass traits and yield of organs did not differ (p>0.05) due to the various levels of red-sorghum. It was concluded that though the tannin content was reduced by 30% by the reconstitution process, but this did not give any additional advantage in broiler performance. More over, red-sorghum can be used effectively up to 33% in diet replacing 50% of corn after proper adjustment of proteins, energy and amino acids.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.253-259
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• 1999

The objects of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary several supplemental probiotics on performance and intestinal microflora of Lohmann brown laying hens from 68 to 80 weeks. Basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 18.0% CP and 2,720㎉/kg ME. Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus salvarius isolated from piglet(LSP) were fed at the level of 0.1 and 0.2% in a one way design. There were four replicates of 40 hens each per treatment. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio(FCR), eggshell quality were measured at every four weeks and intestinal microflora were examined at the end of experiment. Egg production of bird fed 0.2% individual probiotics was significantly higher than that of control(P 0.05). Birds fed the diet containing 0.2% LSC and LSP had significantly lower FCR than other treatments(P 0.05). However, egg weight of birds fed control and 0.2% BS diet showed higher than other treatments. Feed intake of 0.2% BS and 0.1% LSP treatment was significantly higher than other treatments, but was not consistency of all treatments(P 0.05). Eggshell breaking strength and thickness of hens fed probiotics tended to increase compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Intestinal anaerobes, Lactobacillus spp. and yeast of hens fed all tested probiotics were significantly increased compared to those of control. The number of intestinal E. coli of all probiotics treatments except 0.1% LSP tended to decrease. Intestinal Lactobacillus spp. was increased significantly by 0.1% dietary LSC, whereas intestinal yeast showed significant increase in LSP treatments(P〈0.05). The results of this experiment indicated that feeding probiotics to laying hens improved the egg production, FCR and increased beneficial microflora.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) generally demonstrate the asymmetries in the lip, nose and the naso-maxillary complex. And their skeletal asymmetries are known to be derived from the displacement of nasal septum, anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the pre-maxilla toward the non-affected side during the developmental and growth period. Due to the interruption of the important facial muscles, which are critical for the symmetric growth of premaxilla, functional matrix system fails to develop and results in the displacement of the ANS toward the non-affected side and nasal asymmetry. Therefore the rhinoplasty for CLP patients is required to have inter-skeletal and muscular rearrangement in the naso-maxillary complex in order to let them recover from esthetic and physiologic imbalances. And functional cheilorhinoplasty (FCR) has been a representative treatment of choice for this concept of treatment modality. The outcome and prognosis of primary or repair FCR have been known to be definitely affected by timing of the operation as well as adequate reconstruction of naso-labial muscles. However, sometimes FCR has an ineffective treatment results for patients after the facial growth period, and the limited rhinoplasty around the nose often fails to bring satisfying results. In order to circumvent this limitation, we performed ANS osteotomy for patients with unilateral CLP showing asymmetric nose, as an alternative way for corrective rhinoplasty. We could observe that the nose was rearranged along the facial mid-line by this osteotomy design and asymmetries were evidently improved postoperatively. Here we present this osteotomy method in CLP patients.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.591-599
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• 2019

The study was conducted to investigate the growth performance of two strains of Korean domestic chickens (KDC, i.e., 1A, and 2A). A total of 600, one-day-old female chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 15 replicates for each strain (10 birds per pen). The chickens were fed (week 0 to 6: ad libitum; week 6 to 12: restricted feeding) commercial diets (week 0 to 5: crude protein 20.3% and metabolizable energy 3,059 kcal/kg; week 5 to 8: crude protein 18.6% and metabolizable energy 3,123 kcal/kg, and week 8 to 12: crude protein 16.7% and metabolizable energy 3,187 kcal/kg) together with fresh water. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured bi-weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and subsequently the feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results indicate that the 1A crossbreed had a higher (p < 0.05) BW compared to the 2A crossbreed from week 6 to 10. A higher ADG (p < 0.05) was seen in the 1A crossbreed on week 6 and in the 2A crossbreed on week 8. Moreover, no difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the FCR between crossbreed 1A and 2A during the 12 weeks with the exception of week 8. Crossbreed 1A had (p < 0.05) an improved FCR compared to the 2A crossbreed on week 8. In conclusion, the 1A crossbreed had a higher growth performance compared to the 2A crossbreed for 12 weeks after hatching. This data can contribute by helping the KDC market.