• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1994

The effect of diets(high fat, high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) on adipocyte of epididymal fat pads were investigated in 70 male rats for 8 weeks. The rats were assigned to a control(C), high fat(HF) and high fat high energy(HFHE) group for 4 wks. During the next 4 wks, reassigned to one of three treatments (high fat, pectin supplemented, cellulose supplemented) in the HF group and one of three treatment (high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) in the HFHE group. Therefore, the total experimental groups were 7 (C, HF, HF-P, HF-C, HFHE, HFHE-P, HFHE-C). Parameters evaluated and compared for each diet were body weight, total energy intake, feed efficiency ratio and weight changes in epididymal fat pads. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference in body weight gain among the groups. 2) Total energy intake was higher in the C group than other groups. 3) Feed efficiency ratio (F.E.R) of the HF and HFHE groups were greater than C group(2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. 4) Epididymal fat pads(EFP 100g/B.W) of the FH and HFHE groups were higher than C group (2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. There was no significant difference in weight gain of epididymal fat pads among the groups(8 weeks). 5) Cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads of the HF and HFHE groups were higher than the C group. The pectin and the cellulose supplementation groups decreased cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads. Especially, the pectin supplementation group decreased than the cellulose supplementation in HFHE group. Therefore, we can concluded that the HF and the HFHE diet has no effect on the epididymal fat pads.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.535-546
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• 2010

Purpose: The subcutaneous fat tissue is separated into 2 layers by the subcutaneous fascia: the superficial and deep fat layers. The two fat layers have different structures according to the body regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution and pattern of the two fat layers in the human body by computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis according to age, sex, anatomical region, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study included 200 males and 200 females who underwent 64-channel dynamic CT in our hospital. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to 10 years of their ages separately in either male or female gender. The thickness of the superficial and deep fat layers was measured in the abdominal, pelvic, and femoral regions, and we analyzed the values. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The $3{\times}3$-cm whole fat layers were harvested from the same sites of 3 cadavers for histological examination, and one cadaver was dissected for gross evaluation. Results: The total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue was greater in females than in males, and the ratio of the superficial fat layer to the whole fat layer was higher in females. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males. As BMI increased, the total fat layer became thicker, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. On histological examination, the superficial fat layer had small adipose lobules and showed a densely distributed pattern in the abdominal region, whereas in the femoral region, it had large adipose lobules and showed a sparsely distributed pattern. There were no significant differences in the histological findings of the deep fat layer between the 3 body regions. Conclusion: Significant differences in histological findings of the two fat layers were found in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males, but it was constant in females. As BMI increased, the total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue became greater, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. Our measurements can be used to understand the characteristics of the fat layers in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.263-267
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• 1990

The fat thicknesses of twenty-eight Japanese Black beef steers were measured with an ultrasonic device at eleven points on the cattle prior to slaughter and side dissection. The relation between live fat thickness and both weight and percentage of fat and lean in the carcass was examined. Fat thickness obtained from nine points of the chest, flank and rump regions was found to relate significantly (P<0.01) to both weight and percentage of fat. However, shoulder fat thickness measurements were not significantly related to the weight or percentage of fat or lean in the carcass. Addition of live fat thickness to animal age or live weight as an independent variable markedly improved the precision of multiple regression equations for predicting weight of fat and lean, and percentage of fat. In predicting the percentage of lean, both animal age and body weight were not employed in the multiple regression equation. The residual standard deviation for predicting percentage of fat and lean were 1.93 and 1.87, respectively. The ultrasonic measurement of fat thickness if supposed to be useful to the prediction of carcass composition of beef cattle.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2006

Germanium is found in a range of minerals and ores and is present in foods including beans, tomato juice, oysters, tuna and garlic. Germanium is a non-metallic element, which can exist in valence states of 2 and 4. Clinical trials and use in private practices for more than a decade have demonstrated organic germanium's efficacy in treating serious disease including cancer, arthritis and senile osteoporosis. But it was rarely reported that inorganic germanium has biological properties. STB-BM contains mineral complex, rare earth elements and a little amount of Inorganic germanium. The experiment was carried out the anti-obesity effect. To investigate anti-obesity effect of STB-BM, we measured the effect of body weight, fat weight (subcutaneous fat, epididymal fat, visceral fat, kidney fat and total fat) and serum biochemical level in rats fed high fat diets. STB-BM 35 mg/kg suppressed the increasing ratio of body weight, epididymal fat weight, visceral fat weight, total fat weight, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.475-481
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility for low fat press ham which was made without fat added. Four kinds of press ham were prepared ; Apork 70%, fat 0% ; low fat press ham), B(pork 60%, fat 10%), C(pork 55%, fat 15%) and D(pork 50%, fat 20%). The press ham samples were stored at 4$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$. The physic chemical properties of press hams were analyzed during storage 60 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The contents of moisture(71.3%) and crude protein (23.4%) of low press ham were higher than those of other products, and crude fat content (2.8%) was remarkably lower(p<0.5). The water holding capacity of press ham was higher than other products. Hunter's L(61.6) and b-value(5.9) of low fat press ham were lower than other products, but a-value(11.7) was higher. Hardness (70.2 dyne/cm), springiness(85%), chewiness(0.49kg), gumminess (2.0kg) and brittleness (0.7kg) of low fat press ham were higher than those of other products, but cohesiveness was lower than D product. Aroma and texture of low fat press ham were inferior to other, but taste and palatability of that were superor.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.451-459
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• 1995

This study was intended to figure out the effects of the amount and the distribution of body fat on the risk fators of adult disease. Sixty-four male college students paticipatied in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist/hip ratio(WHR) into three groups-upper body type(UBTM), intermediate body type (IBTM) and lower body type(LBTM). Various risk factors such as adiposity, body fat ammount, serum lipid amount and blood pressure and their intercorrelations were analyzed. The three bodys type groups showed significant differences each other in weight(P<0.001), WHR showed considerable correlations with BMI and the percentage of body fat. The frequency of obesity assessed by BMI$\geq$25 and body fat percentage were the highest in the UBTM of the three groups. Thus, we could conclude that the closer the body fat distribution is to the upper body type, the higher the BMI and body fat percentage. Waist/girth ratio(WTR, P<0.01) and BMI(P<0.05) were positively correlated with serum triglyceride levels, and % of body fat was positively correlated with both serum triglyceride (P<0.01) and serum total cholesterol(P<0.05) levels. WHR (P<0.05), BMI(P<0.01) and % of body fat(P<0.01) also showed positive correlations with systolic blood pressure. From the above results, we could conclude that body fat distribution was a good index reflecting adiposity and body fat amount and that blood and serum amount of triglyceride was highest in the upper body type group showing the highest frequency of obesity.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1994

From the reports of the Korean National Nutrition Survey, the trend of fat intake was analyzed from 1969 to 1991. Total fat intake of 1991 was 2.1 times higher than that of 1,969 and animal fat intake was elevated 3.2 times during 23years. Among vegetable foods, the consumption of cereals and their products was decreased gradually, however, the amount of legumes and their products intake was increased slowly. In addition, among animal foods, the intakes of meats and their products, eggs, fishes and shellfishes, milk and milk products were increased greatly. the main fat source was gradually changed form cereals and their products in 1969 to meats and their products in 1991. In 1969, 7.2% of total energy was derived from fat wheres 16.6% was derived from fat whereas 16.6% was derived from fat in 1991. Among 1,952 households surveyed in 1991, the fat intakes of 576(29.4%) and 104(5.3%) households were over 20 and 30%, respectively, of total energy intake. The 42.7% of the households had more than 50% of the total fat from animal fat. From the above results, it is suggested that the nutrition education program is need to prevent excess fat intake.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.1438-1446
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• 2011

팜 스테아린을 아세톤을 이용한 분별을 하여 POO와 POP가 많이 함유된 분별유지(PSL)를 얻었다. 분별을 위한 조건으로는 분별온도 $29.3^{\circ}C$, 아세톤과의 비율 1:5.7(w/v), 분별시간은 24시간이었다. 이후 천연 식물고체지들(sal fat, illipe fat, kokum fat, shea stearin fat, shea butter)과 PSL을 다양한 비율(50:50, 60:40, 65:35, 70:30)로 혼합하여 상용화되고 있는 CBE와 SFI를 비교하였으며, 총 지방산 조성 및 위치별 지방산 조성 분석과 TAG 분자들의 조성과 함량을 알아보았다. GC에 의한 지방산 조성 분석 결과, PSL의 경우 palmitic, oleic 그리고 linoleic acid 순으로 함량이 높았으며, 천연 식물고체지의 경우 대부분 stearic, oleic 그리고 palmitic acid의 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 또한, sal fat, illipe fat 및 kokum fat의 경우 sn-2 위치에 불포화지방산인 oleic acid가 90% 이상 존재하는 것을 알 수 있었다. TAG 분자들의 PN값은 46~54 사이에 존재하였다. PSL의 경우 PN 48에서 86.53 area%로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 천연 식물고체지들의 경우 대부분 PN 50과 52에서 주로 TAG 분자들이 존재하였다. 천연 식물고체지와 PSL을 다양한 비율로 혼합하였을 때, 대부분의 경우 PSL의 함량이 감소할수록 SFI는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히, sal fat과 혼합하였을 때, CBE와 유사한 SFI를 나타내었다. Sal fat과 PSL의 blending 혼합물의 경우 oleic acid의 함량이 가장 많았고, PSL의 함량이 낮아질수록 palmitic acid의 함량은 감소하였고, stearic acid는 점차 높아지는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2010

비만을 평가하기 위한 방법들은 다양하며 현재 임상에서 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 것은 BMI와 BIA를 이용한 %Fat방법이다. 이 연구에서는 비만과 밀접한 관련이 있는 고지혈증을 진단함에 있어 BMI와 %Fat의 예측능력에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 총 224명의 성인여성을 대상으로 하여 신체계측을 시행하였고, BIA를 통해 %Fat을 측정하였다. 공복상태에서 채혈을 실시하여 TC, TG, HDL을 측정하였으며, LDL은 Friedwald의 공식을 이용하여 산출하였다. AI는 TC를 HDL로 나눈 값으로 정의하였다. 연구결과 혈중지질은 BMI와 %Fat이 증가함에 따라 HDL은 감소하고 TC, TG, LDL, AI는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. BMI와 %Fat사이에는 r=.585의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 BMI가 %Fat에 비해 혈중지질과의 상관도가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 성인여성을 대상으로 BMI를 이용하여 혈중지질을 예측하고 분류하는 것에 큰 무리가 없을 것으로 판단되나, 가장 바람직한 방법은 BMI와 %Fat 기준을 혼용하여 혈중지질을 평가하는 것이라 생각되어진다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2002

This study was designed to observe the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body fatness, fat cell sizes and leptin levels in male Sprague Dawley rats. Following weaning, forty rats were divided into 4 groups beef tallow (BT), fish oil (FO). beef tallow with CLA supplementation (BTC), and fish oil with CLA supplementation (FOC) group. For four weeks, all rats were fed experimental diets containing 12％ of total dietary fat (w/w) with or without 1％ CLA. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed; the total carcass fat, plasma leptin levels, epididymal fat pad weights and fat cell sizes in adipose tissue were measured. CLA supplementation did not significantly affect the rat's body weights, total body fat, epididymal fat pad weights, and fat cell sizes. CLA also did not have a significant effect on plasma leptin levels. These results suggest that CLA supplement was not an effective way to reduce the body weights of male Sprague Dawley rats.